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PSY 312 > EXAM 2 > Flashcards

EXAM 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 regulations that come with studying humans?

A

safety, efficacy, and ethics

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2
Q

what are the 2 cost that comes with studying humans?

A

participation and techniques

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3
Q

True or false: is it human nature to lie?

A

true

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4
Q

what are the 3 protected populations in regards to human research?

A

prisoners, children, and pregnant women

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5
Q

what is cell culture?

A

removing cells from their natural environment and growing them in artificial but more favorable one

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6
Q

what are the advantages of cell culture?

A

extreme level of environmental control, able to pick cell type, high throughput, ethical consideration

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7
Q

what are the disadvantages of cell culture?

A

cells in isolation, artificial environment, generational concerns

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8
Q

what is slice culture?

A

extraction and growth of portions of intact brain regions

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9
Q

what does ELISA stand for?

A

enzyme linked immunosorbent assay

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10
Q

what is ELISA?

A

plate based assay technique designed for detecting & qualifying soluble substances such as peptides, proteins, antibodies, and hormones

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11
Q

what is immunohistochemistry?

A

laboratory method that uses antibodies to check for certain antigens (markers) in a sample of tissue

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12
Q

what is an electron microscopy?

A

scanning electron microscope that produces 3D images

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13
Q

what is the function of confocal microscopy ?

A

produce a point source of light and reject out of focus light

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14
Q

what is the goal when selecting animals for research ?

A

to learn something about human condition, disease, or behavior

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15
Q

what are some considerations when selecting animals for research?

A

their normal behavior and a species limitations; species are good at certain things

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16
Q

what is operant conditioning?

A

an association learning process through which the strength of a behavior os modified by a reinforcement or a punishment

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17
Q

what are some types of reinforcers used by animals who conducting research?

A

food, drugs, and brain stimulation

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18
Q

what are mazes in animal research intended to study?

A

memory

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19
Q

what are two types of mazes used in animal research?

A

radial maze (8 arms) and t maze

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20
Q

True or False: rats prefer the dark

A

true

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21
Q

true or false: rats are visual driven

A

false - they are scent driven

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22
Q

what is stereotaxic surgery ?

A

minimally invasive surgical intervention used to locate small targets inside body and perform some action

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23
Q

what is a lesion?

A

region in an organ or tissue that has suffered damage either through injury or disease

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24
Q

what does DBS stand for

A

deep brain stimulation

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25
Q

chronic pain, Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy, OCD, depression, essential tremor: all can be treated with what?

A

DBS - deep brain stimulation

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26
Q

what is Parkinson’s disease?

A

brain disorder that causes unintended or uncontrollable movement; shaking, stiffness, and difficulty w balance and coordination

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27
Q

what is epilepsy?

A

CNS disorders in which brain activity becomes abnormal, causing seizure or periods of unusual behaviors, sensations or loss of awareness

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28
Q

how do we use neuroimaging?

A

to identify pathology and identify area in brain that shows activity during tasks

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29
Q

what is pathology?

A

study of the causes and effects of disease or injury; branch of medicine that deals in laboratory

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30
Q

what is cerebral angiography?

A

an injection of dye that differ in x-ray absorbance into blood vessel into vertebral artery

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31
Q

what does cerebral angiographies show?

A

cerebral vasculature and abnormalities

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32
Q

what does CT stand for

A

computed tomography

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33
Q

what is a CT

A

a diagnostic imagining procedure that uses combination of x-rays and computer technology to produce images on inside the body

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34
Q

how does a PET scan work

A

injection of radioactive sugar into carotid artery, measure of activity inside the brain, at rest vs doing an activity

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35
Q

how does an MRI work

A

uses magnetic field and computer generates radio waves to create detailed images on organs and tissue inside the body

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36
Q

what is the WAIS and what does it measure?

A

it measure intelligence and it works by placing card where you think it should go, you’ll be told yes or no and rules change

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37
Q

what is the token test and what does it measure

A

the token test measures language and you are instructed to touch specific shapes in a row; they’re different shapes, sizes, and colors

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38
Q

what are antibodies

A

proteins produced by white blood cells to destroy invading microorganism

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39
Q

what is Huntingtons disease?

A

rare, inherited disease that causes the progressive breakdown (degeneration) of nerve cells in the brain

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40
Q

what are skeletal muscles

A

muscles attached to the bone at each end, helping move the bone

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41
Q

what are tendons

A

a cord of strong flexible tissue, they connect your muscles to bones

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42
Q

what are joints

A

short band of tough flexible fibrous tissue that connects two bones, cartilages or holds joint

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43
Q

contraction of flexors that are TOWARDS are called?

A

flexion

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44
Q

contraction of extensors that are AWAY are called?

A

extensions

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45
Q

what is the function of alpha motor neurons?

A

to generate tensions by contracting

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46
Q

what are extramural muscle fibers?

A

standard skeletal muscle fibers that are innervated by alpha motor neurons

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47
Q

what are muscle spindles?

A

stretch receptors

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48
Q

what are intramural muscle fibers

A

muscle fibers in the skeletal muscle that detect changes in the length of the muscle

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49
Q

what is proprioception

A

a sensory receptor which receives stimuli from within the body, in other words the body’s ability to sense movement, action, location

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50
Q

what is the function of gamma motor neurons

A

regulate the gain of stretch reflex by adjusting the level of tension

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51
Q

how many muscle fibers are there and what are they?

A

3 types; SO, FO, FG

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52
Q

what is the function of myofibril

A

function to perform muscle contraction

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53
Q

what are actin and myosin

A

proteins found in muscle tissue that control voluntary muscular movements

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54
Q

what is a neuromuscular junction

A

synaptic connection between the terminal end of a motor nerve and muscle

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55
Q

what is acetylcholine

A

chemical messenger or neurotransmitter that plays vital role in muscle control

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56
Q

what are Golgi tendon organs

A

tree like structures in the tendons that encode stretch of muscles via firing rate

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57
Q

what is one way reflexes help?

A

reflexes help center of gravity

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58
Q

If there is no resistance when brain sends out command to move, what happens?

A

the intra and extrafusal are activated

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59
Q

what are the three cortical structures?

A

primary motor cortex, supplementary motor area, and premotor cortex

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60
Q

what is the primary motor cortex?

A

initiate complex voluntary movements

61
Q

what is the motor association cortex?

A

system involved in the planning, control, and execution of voluntary movements

62
Q

what are the functions of the supplementary motor?

A

behavioral sequences, damage, desire/ anticipation

63
Q

what are the functions of the premotor cortex?

A

learning and exciting complex movement

64
Q

what is arbitrary movement?

A

things that you learn that don’t really make sense; ex- when you hear the tone quack like a duck

65
Q

what is transcranial magnetic stimulation?

A

noninvasive procedure that uses magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells in the brain and improve symptoms of depression

66
Q

what is reticular formation

A

a cluster of nuclei in the brainstem, it subserves many functions

67
Q

what are the functions of the cerebellum?

A

balance and coordination of muscles

68
Q

what is the basal ganglia?

A

suppress unwanted movement and promote wanted movement

69
Q

function of ventral motor cortex

A

grasping and manipulating object

70
Q

function of posterior parietal lobe

A

spatial attention(focusing on different things while performing and activity - DRIVING) and eye movement

71
Q

what does competence mean?

A

ability to do something successfully or efficiently

72
Q

the monkey diagram represents what concept?

A

mirror neuron - brain cell that responds equally to when we perform and action and when we witness it

73
Q

what is posterior parietal cortex known for?

A

for spatial attention and eye movements

74
Q

what is apraxia

A

motor condition; inability to imitate

75
Q

what are the four types of apraxia?

A

oral, limb, constructional, and apraxia agraonia

76
Q

what is constructional apraxia

A

inability to copy accurately drawings or three dimensional constructions

77
Q

what is apraxic agraonia

A

an acquired writing disorder

78
Q

what is dyspraxia

A

neurological disorder that affects planning, organizing, coordinating motor movements

79
Q

what is alien hand syndrome

A

phenomem in which one hand is not under control of the mind

80
Q

what is emotion

A

emotion is mental state that arises spontaneously, accompanied by physiological changes

81
Q

who was known for emotion back in the day

A

hippocrates

82
Q

what was believed to be the source of out of the norm psychological behaviors back in the day

A

demons

83
Q

what was Charles Darwin’s take on emotions?

A

thought emotions were also products of evolution and he tried to understand emotions by comparing different species

84
Q

what is the principle of antithesis?

A

when a directly opposite state of mind is induced, there is a strong and involuntary tendency to the performance of a directly opposite nature

85
Q

what is an example of the principle of antithesis?

A

the dog pose- aggressive and threat pose to submissive pose

86
Q

why do we have emotions

A

survival

87
Q

what are the three categories of an emotional response

A

behavioral, autonomic, and hormone

88
Q

what is the main function of the amygdala ?

A

to process emotions and and memories associated w fear

89
Q

what are three parts of the amygdala?

A

lateral nucleus, basal nucleus, and central nucleus

90
Q

according to James Lange view, the perception of a bear ?

A

produces psychological which then produces fear

91
Q

ccroding to the cannon bard view the perception of a bear would produce?

A

both the feeling of fear and psychological reactions

92
Q

the modern bio psychological view ?

A

says that its complex cycle between perception of bear, feeling of fear, and psychological reactions

93
Q

what system plays a key role in experiencing and expressing emotions ?

A

automatic nervous system

94
Q

what is classic conditioning?

A

establishing a specific emotional response to a previously neutral stimuli

95
Q

what is the function of ventromedial PFC ?

A

Value computation

96
Q

True or False: Extinction is not forgetting

A

True

97
Q

what are the three behaviors that can be displayed as aggression?

A

threat behaviors, defensive behaviors, and submissive behaviors

98
Q

what three substances influence aggression?

A

serotonin, dopamine, and hormones

99
Q

what substance is what keeps us from lashing out?

A

serotinin

100
Q

substance related to motivation?

A

dopamine

101
Q

what is the hormone that was initially thought to cause aggression?

A

testosterone

102
Q

when does testoraorne peak for women?

A

during ovulation

103
Q

what hormone has to do with he irritability before a menstrual cycle?

A

progesterone

104
Q

why does impulsivity involve the ventromedial prefrontal cortex?

A

because the ventromedial prefrontal cortex is the brain region that is involved in value composition

105
Q

in what different ways do we see impulsivity?

A

shopping, binge watching, cutting/dyeing hair

106
Q

how do emotions effect moral dilemmas?

A

emotions can effect or logical thinking or reasoning

107
Q

How many primary emotions are there according to Ekman and Friesen

A

6 primary emotions

108
Q

what are micro expressions ?

A

emotional leakage

109
Q

Other views say that they’re how many primary emotions?

A

8 primary emotions

110
Q

true or false: there’s is more cultural variation in facial expression than originally believed

A

true

111
Q

what is stress?

A

the psychological changes in the body that take place following exposure to harm or threat

112
Q

what is a stressor?

A

experience or stimulus that induces a stress response

113
Q

death of a relative, loss of a job, job interview, competition, public speaking: are all examples of _______ stressors

A

psychological

114
Q

long term exposure to the cold, trauma/injury, over-extension; are examples of _____ stressors

A

physical

115
Q

true or false: stressor can be both physical and psychological

A

true

116
Q

what system is activated when we are stressed?

A

sympathetic nervous system

117
Q

what is the sympathetic nervous system?

A

network of nerves that help your body activate the flight or fight mode

118
Q

when the sympathetic nervous system is activated by stress what two chemicals are released?

A

norepinephrine and epinephrine

119
Q

true or false: the higher levels of norepinephrine and epinephrine activate the HPA axis

A

true

120
Q

what does HPA axis stand for?

A

H- hypothalamus
P- pituitary gland
A- adrenal glands

121
Q

HPA axis is responsible for the secretion of what?

A

glucocorticoids

122
Q

responses to stress can differ based on what 3 things?

A

the stressor, the timing, the individual

123
Q

true or false: stressors do NOT have psychological effects on the body’s inflammatory response

A

false

124
Q

what are psychosomatic disorders?

A

a disorder that can be caused by or exacerbated by stress

125
Q

if the stressor is ___ it can improve the immune system

A

acute

126
Q

if the stressor is _____ it can worsen the immune system

A

chronic

127
Q

true or false: children that suffer various forms of maltreatment or suffer from severe stress show brain and endocrine abnormalities

A

true

128
Q

what is one of the most sensitive areas of the brain to stress?

A

the hippocampus

129
Q

why is the hippocampus one of the most sensitive areas to stress?

A

because of the number of glucocorticoids receptors in the hippocampus

130
Q

what is neurogenesis

A

the process by which new neurons are formed in the brain

131
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

self regulating process by which biological systems maintain stability while adjusting to changing external stimuli

132
Q

what are some of the systems that take part into homeostasis?

A

nervous system, respiratory system, digestive system

133
Q

what is a set point?

A

optimal value - best or most favorable point

134
Q

function of correctional mechanism

A

what returns system back to set point or normal state

135
Q

true or false: there is NOT a difference between ingestions and replenishment

A

false

136
Q

when water is absorbed to where it needs to be but takes time is what phase?

A

set point - returning to optimal value

137
Q

system that lets you know when to stop drinking water

A

negative feedback- shutting off

138
Q

true or false: 2/3 of water is intracellular

A

true

139
Q

true or false: 1/3 of water is extracellular

A

true

140
Q

what is hypovolemia

A

condition where liquid portion of the blood is too low

141
Q

what is osmosis?

A

movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from low to high solute concentration

142
Q

what does an osmoreceptor do?

A

regulates sodium and water balance

143
Q

what are the two types of thirst?

A

osmometric and volumetric

144
Q

what is volumetric thirst ?

A

when the volume of blood plasma decreases

145
Q

bleeding, vomitting, and diarrhea lead to what?

A

loss of blood volume

146
Q

where are detector cells found at for thirst?

A

kidney and heart

147
Q

what is the role angiotensin?

A

to regulate blood pressure by constricting (narrowing) blood vessels and triggering water and salt intake (making you thirsty)

148
Q

if there is damage to the angiotensin blocker what happens?

A

not thirsty

PSY 312 (7 decks)

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