EXAM 2 Flashcards
what are the 3 regulations that come with studying humans?
safety, efficacy, and ethics
what are the 2 cost that comes with studying humans?
participation and techniques
True or false: is it human nature to lie?
true
what are the 3 protected populations in regards to human research?
prisoners, children, and pregnant women
what is cell culture?
removing cells from their natural environment and growing them in artificial but more favorable one
what are the advantages of cell culture?
extreme level of environmental control, able to pick cell type, high throughput, ethical consideration
what are the disadvantages of cell culture?
cells in isolation, artificial environment, generational concerns
what is slice culture?
extraction and growth of portions of intact brain regions
what does ELISA stand for?
enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
what is ELISA?
plate based assay technique designed for detecting & qualifying soluble substances such as peptides, proteins, antibodies, and hormones
what is immunohistochemistry?
laboratory method that uses antibodies to check for certain antigens (markers) in a sample of tissue
what is an electron microscopy?
scanning electron microscope that produces 3D images
what is the function of confocal microscopy ?
produce a point source of light and reject out of focus light
what is the goal when selecting animals for research ?
to learn something about human condition, disease, or behavior
what are some considerations when selecting animals for research?
their normal behavior and a species limitations; species are good at certain things
what is operant conditioning?
an association learning process through which the strength of a behavior os modified by a reinforcement or a punishment
what are some types of reinforcers used by animals who conducting research?
food, drugs, and brain stimulation
what are mazes in animal research intended to study?
memory
what are two types of mazes used in animal research?
radial maze (8 arms) and t maze
True or False: rats prefer the dark
true
true or false: rats are visual driven
false - they are scent driven
what is stereotaxic surgery ?
minimally invasive surgical intervention used to locate small targets inside body and perform some action
what is a lesion?
region in an organ or tissue that has suffered damage either through injury or disease
what does DBS stand for
deep brain stimulation
chronic pain, Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy, OCD, depression, essential tremor: all can be treated with what?
DBS - deep brain stimulation
what is Parkinson’s disease?
brain disorder that causes unintended or uncontrollable movement; shaking, stiffness, and difficulty w balance and coordination
what is epilepsy?
CNS disorders in which brain activity becomes abnormal, causing seizure or periods of unusual behaviors, sensations or loss of awareness
how do we use neuroimaging?
to identify pathology and identify area in brain that shows activity during tasks
what is pathology?
study of the causes and effects of disease or injury; branch of medicine that deals in laboratory
what is cerebral angiography?
an injection of dye that differ in x-ray absorbance into blood vessel into vertebral artery
what does cerebral angiographies show?
cerebral vasculature and abnormalities
what does CT stand for
computed tomography
what is a CT
a diagnostic imagining procedure that uses combination of x-rays and computer technology to produce images on inside the body
how does a PET scan work
injection of radioactive sugar into carotid artery, measure of activity inside the brain, at rest vs doing an activity
how does an MRI work
uses magnetic field and computer generates radio waves to create detailed images on organs and tissue inside the body
what is the WAIS and what does it measure?
it measure intelligence and it works by placing card where you think it should go, you’ll be told yes or no and rules change
what is the token test and what does it measure
the token test measures language and you are instructed to touch specific shapes in a row; they’re different shapes, sizes, and colors
what are antibodies
proteins produced by white blood cells to destroy invading microorganism
what is Huntingtons disease?
rare, inherited disease that causes the progressive breakdown (degeneration) of nerve cells in the brain
what are skeletal muscles
muscles attached to the bone at each end, helping move the bone
what are tendons
a cord of strong flexible tissue, they connect your muscles to bones
what are joints
short band of tough flexible fibrous tissue that connects two bones, cartilages or holds joint
contraction of flexors that are TOWARDS are called?
flexion
contraction of extensors that are AWAY are called?
extensions
what is the function of alpha motor neurons?
to generate tensions by contracting
what are extramural muscle fibers?
standard skeletal muscle fibers that are innervated by alpha motor neurons
what are muscle spindles?
stretch receptors
what are intramural muscle fibers
muscle fibers in the skeletal muscle that detect changes in the length of the muscle
what is proprioception
a sensory receptor which receives stimuli from within the body, in other words the body’s ability to sense movement, action, location
what is the function of gamma motor neurons
regulate the gain of stretch reflex by adjusting the level of tension
how many muscle fibers are there and what are they?
3 types; SO, FO, FG
what is the function of myofibril
function to perform muscle contraction
what are actin and myosin
proteins found in muscle tissue that control voluntary muscular movements
what is a neuromuscular junction
synaptic connection between the terminal end of a motor nerve and muscle
what is acetylcholine
chemical messenger or neurotransmitter that plays vital role in muscle control
what are Golgi tendon organs
tree like structures in the tendons that encode stretch of muscles via firing rate
what is one way reflexes help?
reflexes help center of gravity
If there is no resistance when brain sends out command to move, what happens?
the intra and extrafusal are activated
what are the three cortical structures?
primary motor cortex, supplementary motor area, and premotor cortex
what is the primary motor cortex?
initiate complex voluntary movements
what is the motor association cortex?
system involved in the planning, control, and execution of voluntary movements
what are the functions of the supplementary motor?
behavioral sequences, damage, desire/ anticipation
what are the functions of the premotor cortex?
learning and exciting complex movement
what is arbitrary movement?
things that you learn that don’t really make sense; ex- when you hear the tone quack like a duck
what is transcranial magnetic stimulation?
noninvasive procedure that uses magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells in the brain and improve symptoms of depression
what is reticular formation
a cluster of nuclei in the brainstem, it subserves many functions
what are the functions of the cerebellum?
balance and coordination of muscles
what is the basal ganglia?
suppress unwanted movement and promote wanted movement
function of ventral motor cortex
grasping and manipulating object
function of posterior parietal lobe
spatial attention(focusing on different things while performing and activity - DRIVING) and eye movement
what does competence mean?
ability to do something successfully or efficiently
the monkey diagram represents what concept?
mirror neuron - brain cell that responds equally to when we perform and action and when we witness it
what is posterior parietal cortex known for?
for spatial attention and eye movements
what is apraxia
motor condition; inability to imitate
what are the four types of apraxia?
oral, limb, constructional, and apraxia agraonia
what is constructional apraxia
inability to copy accurately drawings or three dimensional constructions
what is apraxic agraonia
an acquired writing disorder
what is dyspraxia
neurological disorder that affects planning, organizing, coordinating motor movements
what is alien hand syndrome
phenomem in which one hand is not under control of the mind
what is emotion
emotion is mental state that arises spontaneously, accompanied by physiological changes
who was known for emotion back in the day
hippocrates
what was believed to be the source of out of the norm psychological behaviors back in the day
demons
what was Charles Darwin’s take on emotions?
thought emotions were also products of evolution and he tried to understand emotions by comparing different species
what is the principle of antithesis?
when a directly opposite state of mind is induced, there is a strong and involuntary tendency to the performance of a directly opposite nature
what is an example of the principle of antithesis?
the dog pose- aggressive and threat pose to submissive pose
why do we have emotions
survival
what are the three categories of an emotional response
behavioral, autonomic, and hormone
what is the main function of the amygdala ?
to process emotions and and memories associated w fear
what are three parts of the amygdala?
lateral nucleus, basal nucleus, and central nucleus
according to James Lange view, the perception of a bear ?
produces psychological which then produces fear
ccroding to the cannon bard view the perception of a bear would produce?
both the feeling of fear and psychological reactions
the modern bio psychological view ?
says that its complex cycle between perception of bear, feeling of fear, and psychological reactions
what system plays a key role in experiencing and expressing emotions ?
automatic nervous system
what is classic conditioning?
establishing a specific emotional response to a previously neutral stimuli
what is the function of ventromedial PFC ?
Value computation
True or False: Extinction is not forgetting
True
what are the three behaviors that can be displayed as aggression?
threat behaviors, defensive behaviors, and submissive behaviors
what three substances influence aggression?
serotonin, dopamine, and hormones
what substance is what keeps us from lashing out?
serotinin
substance related to motivation?
dopamine
what is the hormone that was initially thought to cause aggression?
testosterone
when does testoraorne peak for women?
during ovulation
what hormone has to do with he irritability before a menstrual cycle?
progesterone
why does impulsivity involve the ventromedial prefrontal cortex?
because the ventromedial prefrontal cortex is the brain region that is involved in value composition
in what different ways do we see impulsivity?
shopping, binge watching, cutting/dyeing hair
how do emotions effect moral dilemmas?
emotions can effect or logical thinking or reasoning
How many primary emotions are there according to Ekman and Friesen
6 primary emotions
what are micro expressions ?
emotional leakage
Other views say that they’re how many primary emotions?
8 primary emotions
true or false: there’s is more cultural variation in facial expression than originally believed
true
what is stress?
the psychological changes in the body that take place following exposure to harm or threat
what is a stressor?
experience or stimulus that induces a stress response
death of a relative, loss of a job, job interview, competition, public speaking: are all examples of _______ stressors
psychological
long term exposure to the cold, trauma/injury, over-extension; are examples of _____ stressors
physical
true or false: stressor can be both physical and psychological
true
what system is activated when we are stressed?
sympathetic nervous system
what is the sympathetic nervous system?
network of nerves that help your body activate the flight or fight mode
when the sympathetic nervous system is activated by stress what two chemicals are released?
norepinephrine and epinephrine
true or false: the higher levels of norepinephrine and epinephrine activate the HPA axis
true
what does HPA axis stand for?
H- hypothalamus
P- pituitary gland
A- adrenal glands
HPA axis is responsible for the secretion of what?
glucocorticoids
responses to stress can differ based on what 3 things?
the stressor, the timing, the individual
true or false: stressors do NOT have psychological effects on the body’s inflammatory response
false
what are psychosomatic disorders?
a disorder that can be caused by or exacerbated by stress
if the stressor is ___ it can improve the immune system
acute
if the stressor is _____ it can worsen the immune system
chronic
true or false: children that suffer various forms of maltreatment or suffer from severe stress show brain and endocrine abnormalities
true
what is one of the most sensitive areas of the brain to stress?
the hippocampus
why is the hippocampus one of the most sensitive areas to stress?
because of the number of glucocorticoids receptors in the hippocampus
what is neurogenesis
the process by which new neurons are formed in the brain
what is homeostasis?
self regulating process by which biological systems maintain stability while adjusting to changing external stimuli
what are some of the systems that take part into homeostasis?
nervous system, respiratory system, digestive system
what is a set point?
optimal value - best or most favorable point
function of correctional mechanism
what returns system back to set point or normal state
true or false: there is NOT a difference between ingestions and replenishment
false
when water is absorbed to where it needs to be but takes time is what phase?
set point - returning to optimal value
system that lets you know when to stop drinking water
negative feedback- shutting off
true or false: 2/3 of water is intracellular
true
true or false: 1/3 of water is extracellular
true
what is hypovolemia
condition where liquid portion of the blood is too low
what is osmosis?
movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from low to high solute concentration
what does an osmoreceptor do?
regulates sodium and water balance
what are the two types of thirst?
osmometric and volumetric
what is volumetric thirst ?
when the volume of blood plasma decreases
bleeding, vomitting, and diarrhea lead to what?
loss of blood volume
where are detector cells found at for thirst?
kidney and heart
what is the role angiotensin?
to regulate blood pressure by constricting (narrowing) blood vessels and triggering water and salt intake (making you thirsty)
if there is damage to the angiotensin blocker what happens?
not thirsty
