exam 4 Flashcards
an emotional response to real or perceived imminent threat, where automatic NS activation for escape and immediate danger
fear
anticipation of future threat, causes muscle tension, vigilance, preparation for future danger, acts cautious or avoidant
anxiety
what is used to determine if an individual has a mental disorder
DSM - 5
simultaneous presence of multiple health conditions
comorbidity
what is the goal of cognitive behavioral therapy?
to allow the person to see situations more clearly and respond to them in more effective way
identifying and challenging flawed or negative thinking, learning problem solving skills, learning coping strategies, facing fears instead of avoiding them, learning relaxation and calming techniques
cognitive behavioral therapy
developmentally inappropriate and excessive fear or anxiety concerning separation from those to whom the individual is attached to
seperation anxiety
what are the symptoms of separation anxiety
recurrent excessive distress during separation or anticipation of separation, persistent and excessive worry about losing major attachment figures, refusal to go out bc fear of separation, worry about being alone, physical symptoms like headaches, stomachaches, and nausea
separation anxiety is commonly reported in _____ but also seen in _______
children; adults
how long does symptoms have to be persistent for to qualify as separation anxiety in children? in adults?
children is over 4 weeks; adults is over 6 months
what are the risk factors of separation anxiety?
life stress, overprotective and intrusive parents, and heritability(difference in genes account for difference in traits)
individuals who have separation anxiety may also have what other mental disorders?
other anxiety disorders, PTSD, mood disorder
what is the main form of treatment for separation anxiety?
therapy
when suffering from separation anxiety, cognitive behavioral therapy teaches you how to what?
learn to cope and handle being separated and teach parents how to provide emotional support
what is the medication that can be prescribed in combination with therapy to help aid separation anxiety?
anti-depressants
condition where individual suffers from consistent failure to speak in specific social situations in which there is an expectation for speaking despite speaking in other situations
selective mutism
interferes w education, occupation, or social communication / lasts over a month / failure to speak is not due to lack of knowledge of language / no better explained by other disorder
further criteria of selective mutism
how does selective mutism look like?
individual will not initiate or respond to social situation, often speak at home and to close family members, has high levels of social anxiety
not well understood / parental temperament and overprotective parents / share genetics w social anxiety disorder
risk factors of selective mutism
what is the recommended treatment for selective mutism ?
cognitive behavioral therapy
disorder where individual has marked fear or anxiety regarding a specific object or situation
specific phobias
what is additional criteria for specific phobias?
object always provokes immediate fear or anxiety, object is actively avoided or endured with intense fear/anxiety, persistent >6months, causes clinically significant distress in important areas of function
what are the different categories with specific phobias?
animals, nature, blood-injection-injury, situations, other
what are the risk factors for specific phobias?
stressors like abuse or loss of parent, trauma, some genetic connection
7-9% varying between countries and ages is the prevalence rate of what condition?
specific phobias
what are examples of situation based phobias?
airplanes, elevators, enclosed spaces
what are examples of nature based phobias?
heights, storms, water
what are examples of animal based phobias?
spiders, insects, dogs
cognitive behavioral therapy and systematic desensitization are the twi types of therapy for
specific phobias
beta blockers and benzodiazepines are the two types of medications prescribed for
specific phobias
how do beta blockers function
they block the effects of adrenaline such as increased heart rate, elevated blood pressure, and shaking voice and limbs
how do benzodiazepines function
by reducing feelings of anxiety but carry abuse potential
disorder marked by fear and anxiety about social situations where individuals are exposed to possible scrutiny by others
social anxiety disorder
additional criteria: social situations almost always provoke fear or anxiety, social situations are avoided or endured with intense fear, fear is out of proportion, persistent >6months,
social anxiety disorder
true or false: the prevalence of social anxiety higher in the US than the rest of the world.
true
what are the two risk factors for social anxiety
genetic component and gene X environment
psychotherapy, CBT, support groups, and medications are the main forms of treatment for what disorder
social anxiety
what 3 medications are prescribed for social anxiety
beta blockers, anti-depressants, and anxiolytics
a panic attack often gets confused with what because of similar symptoms?
heart attack
disorder where individual suffers with recurrent and unexpected panic attacks
panic disorder
what is a panic attack
abrupt surge of intense fear and discomfort that reaches peak within minutes, pounding heart, sweating, trembling, shaking, shortness of breath, chest pain, nausea, chill or heat sensations, fear of losing control/dying
in order to be diagnosed with a panic disorder instead of just a panic attack
panic attack followed by a month or more of persistent worry about having another attack and maladaptive behavior changes
negative affect/anxiety sensitivity, fearful spells, sexual or physical abuse, smoking, genetic component
risk factors for panic disorder
what are treatment options for panic disorders?
CBT, anti-depressants, beta blockers, anxiolytics
disorder that is marked by fear or anxiety about two or more of the following five situations: using public transportation, open spaces, enclosed spaces, being in line or crowd, home alone
agoraphobia
additional criteria: fear or avoidance bc escaping situation may be difficult, situations almost always provoke fear/anxiety, require a companion or endured w intense anxiety, persistent >6months, negatively impacting area of function, not better explained by other mental health disorder
additional criteria for agoraphobia
anxiety sensitivity, negative childhood events, and genetic component
risk factors for agoraphobia
agoraphobia can be comorbidity with
anxiety disorders, moos disorders, PTSD, alcohol use disorder
disorder with excessive anxiety and worry more days than not for at least 6 months, difficult to control worry, symptoms (3) like feeling on edge/easily fatigued/difficulty concentrating/irritability/muscle tension/sleep disturbances, impairment in important areas of function
generalized anxiety disorder
what is the prevalence rate of generalized anxiety disorder in the US
3%
risk factors of generalized anxiety disorders
harm avoidance, childhood adversity and parental overprotectiveness, genetic component
CBT, anti-depressants,anxiolytics, anti-psychotics, buspirone
treatment options for generalized anxiety disorder
how does buspirone function
reducing serotonin transmission, but increasing dopamine, do not know know exactly why it helps some people but not all
what are the two disorders that are no longer considered anxiety disorders?
PTSD and OCD
what are the two components that categories OCD
Obsessions and Compulsions
recurrent/persistent thoughts, urges, or images that are experienced as intrusive or unwanted and typically causes stress/anxiety
obsessions (thoughts)
repetitive behaviors or mental acts that a person feels driven to perform in response to an obsession or a rule that must be applied rigidly
compulsion (behavior)
what are some common examples of obsessions
fear of contamination or dirt, difficulty tolerating uncertainty, needing things to be orderly and symmetrical, thoughts about losing control and harming oneself
what are some common examples of compulsions
washing and cleaning (self or environment), checking and rechecking, counting, following strict routines, demanding reassurance
true or false: OCD is more commonly diagnosed in females
true
family history, stress and trauma, other mental health conditions
risk factors for OCD
What is the main form of therapy for OCD
Exposure and Response Prevention - not allowing patients to perform ritual
disorder where there is exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violation
PTSD
What are the kinds of exposure in PTSD
direct, witness, close family/friend, first hand repeated or extreme exposure to aversive details
what are the symptoms seen with PTSD
recurring, intrusive and distressing - memories, dreams, dissociative reactions, intense/prolonged stress for cues, and AVOIDANCE
exaggerated negative beliefs - guilt for survival, distorted cognition -blame, negative emotional state, anhedonia
mood and cognitive symptoms of PTSD
irritability and anger, reckless/self destructive behaviors, hyperviligence, exaggerated starters response, sleep disturbances
arousal symptoms of PTSD
true or false: men are more commonly diagnose w PTSD
false
genetic, childhood trauma, history of mental illness, multiple stressors, lack of social support
risk factors for PTSD
what are the treatment plans for PTSD
anti-depressants, sleeping medication, CBT - exposure therapy, cognitive restructuring, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing
