exam 4

Question 1

an emotional response to real or perceived imminent threat, where automatic NS activation for escape and immediate danger

Answer 1

fear

Question 2

anticipation of future threat, causes muscle tension, vigilance, preparation for future danger, acts cautious or avoidant

Answer 2

anxiety

Question 3

what is used to determine if an individual has a mental disorder

Answer 3

DSM - 5

Question 4

simultaneous presence of multiple health conditions

Answer 4

comorbidity

Question 5

what is the goal of cognitive behavioral therapy?

Answer 5

to allow the person to see situations more clearly and respond to them in more effective way

Question 6

identifying and challenging flawed or negative thinking, learning problem solving skills, learning coping strategies, facing fears instead of avoiding them, learning relaxation and calming techniques

Answer 6

cognitive behavioral therapy

Question 7

developmentally inappropriate and excessive fear or anxiety concerning separation from those to whom the individual is attached to

Answer 7

seperation anxiety

Question 8

what are the symptoms of separation anxiety

Answer 8

recurrent excessive distress during separation or anticipation of separation, persistent and excessive worry about losing major attachment figures, refusal to go out bc fear of separation, worry about being alone, physical symptoms like headaches, stomachaches, and nausea

Question 9

separation anxiety is commonly reported in _____ but also seen in _______

Answer 9

children; adults

Question 10

how long does symptoms have to be persistent for to qualify as separation anxiety in children? in adults?

Answer 10

children is over 4 weeks; adults is over 6 months

Question 11

what are the risk factors of separation anxiety?

Answer 11

life stress, overprotective and intrusive parents, and heritability(difference in genes account for difference in traits)

Question 12

individuals who have separation anxiety may also have what other mental disorders?

Answer 12

other anxiety disorders, PTSD, mood disorder

Question 13

what is the main form of treatment for separation anxiety?

Answer 13

therapy

Question 14

when suffering from separation anxiety, cognitive behavioral therapy teaches you how to what?

Answer 14

learn to cope and handle being separated and teach parents how to provide emotional support

Question 15

what is the medication that can be prescribed in combination with therapy to help aid separation anxiety?

Answer 15

anti-depressants

Question 16

condition where individual suffers from consistent failure to speak in specific social situations in which there is an expectation for speaking despite speaking in other situations

Answer 16

selective mutism

Question 17

interferes w education, occupation, or social communication / lasts over a month / failure to speak is not due to lack of knowledge of language / no better explained by other disorder

Answer 17

further criteria of selective mutism

Question 18

how does selective mutism look like?

Answer 18

individual will not initiate or respond to social situation, often speak at home and to close family members, has high levels of social anxiety

Question 19

not well understood / parental temperament and overprotective parents / share genetics w social anxiety disorder

Answer 19

risk factors of selective mutism

Question 20

what is the recommended treatment for selective mutism ?

Answer 20

cognitive behavioral therapy

Question 21

disorder where individual has marked fear or anxiety regarding a specific object or situation

Answer 21

specific phobias

Question 22

what is additional criteria for specific phobias?

Answer 22

object always provokes immediate fear or anxiety, object is actively avoided or endured with intense fear/anxiety, persistent >6months, causes clinically significant distress in important areas of function

Question 23

what are the different categories with specific phobias?

Answer 23

animals, nature, blood-injection-injury, situations, other

Question 24

what are the risk factors for specific phobias?

Answer 24

stressors like abuse or loss of parent, trauma, some genetic connection

Question 25

7-9% varying between countries and ages is the prevalence rate of what condition?

Answer 25

specific phobias

Question 26

what are examples of situation based phobias?

Answer 26

airplanes, elevators, enclosed spaces

Question 27

what are examples of nature based phobias?

Answer 27

heights, storms, water

Question 28

what are examples of animal based phobias?

Answer 28

spiders, insects, dogs

Question 29

cognitive behavioral therapy and systematic desensitization are the twi types of therapy for

Answer 29

specific phobias

Question 30

beta blockers and benzodiazepines are the two types of medications prescribed for

Answer 30

specific phobias

Question 31

how do beta blockers function

Answer 31

they block the effects of adrenaline such as increased heart rate, elevated blood pressure, and shaking voice and limbs

Question 32

how do benzodiazepines function

Answer 32

by reducing feelings of anxiety but carry abuse potential

Question 33

disorder marked by fear and anxiety about social situations where individuals are exposed to possible scrutiny by others

Answer 33

social anxiety disorder

Question 34

additional criteria: social situations almost always provoke fear or anxiety, social situations are avoided or endured with intense fear, fear is out of proportion, persistent >6months,

Answer 34

social anxiety disorder

Question 35

true or false: the prevalence of social anxiety higher in the US than the rest of the world.

Answer 35

true

Question 36

what are the two risk factors for social anxiety

Answer 36

genetic component and gene X environment

Question 37

psychotherapy, CBT, support groups, and medications are the main forms of treatment for what disorder

Answer 37

social anxiety

Question 38

what 3 medications are prescribed for social anxiety

Answer 38

beta blockers, anti-depressants, and anxiolytics

Question 39

a panic attack often gets confused with what because of similar symptoms?

Answer 39

heart attack

Question 40

disorder where individual suffers with recurrent and unexpected panic attacks

Answer 40

panic disorder

Question 41

what is a panic attack

Answer 41

abrupt surge of intense fear and discomfort that reaches peak within minutes, pounding heart, sweating, trembling, shaking, shortness of breath, chest pain, nausea, chill or heat sensations, fear of losing control/dying

Question 42

in order to be diagnosed with a panic disorder instead of just a panic attack

Answer 42

panic attack followed by a month or more of persistent worry about having another attack and maladaptive behavior changes

Question 43

negative affect/anxiety sensitivity, fearful spells, sexual or physical abuse, smoking, genetic component

Answer 43

risk factors for panic disorder

Question 44

what are treatment options for panic disorders?

Answer 44

CBT, anti-depressants, beta blockers, anxiolytics

Question 45

disorder that is marked by fear or anxiety about two or more of the following five situations: using public transportation, open spaces, enclosed spaces, being in line or crowd, home alone

Answer 45

agoraphobia

Question 46

additional criteria: fear or avoidance bc escaping situation may be difficult, situations almost always provoke fear/anxiety, require a companion or endured w intense anxiety, persistent >6months, negatively impacting area of function, not better explained by other mental health disorder

Answer 46

additional criteria for agoraphobia

Question 47

anxiety sensitivity, negative childhood events, and genetic component

Answer 47

risk factors for agoraphobia

Question 48

agoraphobia can be comorbidity with

Answer 48

anxiety disorders, moos disorders, PTSD, alcohol use disorder

Question 49

disorder with excessive anxiety and worry more days than not for at least 6 months, difficult to control worry, symptoms (3) like feeling on edge/easily fatigued/difficulty concentrating/irritability/muscle tension/sleep disturbances, impairment in important areas of function

Answer 49

generalized anxiety disorder

Question 50

what is the prevalence rate of generalized anxiety disorder in the US

Answer 50

3%

Question 51

risk factors of generalized anxiety disorders

Answer 51

harm avoidance, childhood adversity and parental overprotectiveness, genetic component

Question 52

CBT, anti-depressants,anxiolytics, anti-psychotics, buspirone

Answer 52

treatment options for generalized anxiety disorder

Question 53

how does buspirone function

Answer 53

reducing serotonin transmission, but increasing dopamine, do not know know exactly why it helps some people but not all

Question 54

what are the two disorders that are no longer considered anxiety disorders?

Answer 54

PTSD and OCD

Question 55

what are the two components that categories OCD

Answer 55

Obsessions and Compulsions

Question 56

recurrent/persistent thoughts, urges, or images that are experienced as intrusive or unwanted and typically causes stress/anxiety

Answer 56

obsessions (thoughts)

Question 57

repetitive behaviors or mental acts that a person feels driven to perform in response to an obsession or a rule that must be applied rigidly

Answer 57

compulsion (behavior)

Question 58

what are some common examples of obsessions

Answer 58

fear of contamination or dirt, difficulty tolerating uncertainty, needing things to be orderly and symmetrical, thoughts about losing control and harming oneself

Question 59

what are some common examples of compulsions

Answer 59

washing and cleaning (self or environment), checking and rechecking, counting, following strict routines, demanding reassurance

Question 60

true or false: OCD is more commonly diagnosed in females

Answer 60

true

Question 61

family history, stress and trauma, other mental health conditions

Answer 61

risk factors for OCD

Question 62

What is the main form of therapy for OCD

Answer 62

Exposure and Response Prevention - not allowing patients to perform ritual

Question 63

disorder where there is exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violation

Answer 63

PTSD

Question 64

What are the kinds of exposure in PTSD

Answer 64

direct, witness, close family/friend, first hand repeated or extreme exposure to aversive details

Question 65

what are the symptoms seen with PTSD

Answer 65

recurring, intrusive and distressing - memories, dreams, dissociative reactions, intense/prolonged stress for cues, and AVOIDANCE

Question 66

exaggerated negative beliefs - guilt for survival, distorted cognition -blame, negative emotional state, anhedonia

Answer 66

mood and cognitive symptoms of PTSD

Question 67

irritability and anger, reckless/self destructive behaviors, hyperviligence, exaggerated starters response, sleep disturbances

Answer 67

arousal symptoms of PTSD

Question 68

true or false: men are more commonly diagnose w PTSD

Answer 68

false

Question 69

genetic, childhood trauma, history of mental illness, multiple stressors, lack of social support

Answer 69

risk factors for PTSD

Question 70

what are the treatment plans for PTSD

Answer 70

anti-depressants, sleeping medication, CBT - exposure therapy, cognitive restructuring, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing