Final Exam Flashcards by Robyn Williams

The two major structures of the CNS are

Brain
Spinal cord

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The neuron receives input through____ or ____. The signal is transmitted along the ____

Dendrite
Cell body
Axon

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White matter is white because of the presences of

Myelin sheath

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The two fasciculi of th dorsal columns of the spinal cord are

Gracilis
Cuneatus

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For each of the following structures indicate whether the fibers are sensory, motor, or both
Ascending fibers of the sc
Descending fibers of the sc
Spinal nerve
Ventral roots of the spinal nerve
Dorsal roots of the spinal nerve

Sensory
Motor
Both
Motor
Sensory

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List the 3 structures of the brainstem from uppermost to lowermost

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla

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If you take a brain out of the skull and flip it over so that you can see the inferior surface, what other term can be used to describe this surface?

Ventral

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When membrane potential goes from -70 my to +50mV, what has occurred?

Action potential

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During a synapse, what is released into the synaptic cleft?

Neurotransmitter

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Match the cranial nerves to their functions

Transmits sensation from head and oral cavity - trigeminal V
Moves the vocal folds - vagus X
Moves the tongue - hypoglossal XII
Puckers the lips - facial VII
Moves the velum - vagus X

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Which of the following cranial nerves play a role in movement of the eyeball

Oculomotor III
Trochlear IV
Abducens VI

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Which nerve is primarily responsible for moving the muscles of the face?

Facial VII

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Which nerve is primarily responsible for vocal folds and velopharyngeal movement?

Vagus X

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List the 3 major parts of a neuron

Cell body/soma
Axon
Dendrite

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What best describes the arrangement of the spinal cord?

The internal portion is gray matter surrounded by white matter

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Which ion rushes into the axon resulting in an action potential?

Sodium

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A synapse occurs when ____________ in the terminal bouton move to the cell wall and release ______ into the synaptic cleft

Synaptic vesicles
Neurotransmitters

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Most cranial nerve nuclei are located in the

Brainstem

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Which cranial nerve is primarily responsible for tongue movement?

Hypoglossal XII

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Reflexive activity is the most basic function of the

Spinal cord

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The resting membrane potential of a neuron arises because of

The passive diffusion of Na+ and K+ through the cell membrane
The existence of passive (open) ion channels embedded in the cell membrane
The active counterbalancing effects of the Na+ and K+ pump to the passive developed gradients

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The single most important reason for the existence of the action potential is to

Open voltage-gated Ca2+ ion channels located on the terminal membrane

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What is located on the axon hillock in great numbers

Voltage-gated Na+ channel

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What are recruited to phagocytize dead cells after an injury to a part of the brain

Microglia

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One of the most important signals that a neuron can generate that is vital for communicating information between neurons over long distances is the

Action potential

What occurs when two or more closely adjacent synapses are simultaneously activated, which combines post synaptic potential and influences overall membrane potential?

Spatial summation

What methods remove neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft?

Diffusion Enzymatic degradation Reuptake transport

What is the term by which the action potential travels down a myelinated axon for a strong, smooth signal?

Saltatory conduction

This type of channel binds with a neurotransmitter to allow ion transport

Ligand

Ion channels that use a chemical to gate them open are referred to as

Voltage

An injury to a mixed spinal nerve would result in what symptom(s)?

Motor and tactile sensory deficits to that area supplied by the nerve

Besides its role in housing the cranial nerves, the medulla is also critically active for which set of activities?

Regulating BP and the rate/depth of breathing

In the central nervous system, which term will you not see used to describe a collection of axons?

Nerve

A characteristic external feature of the ventral medulla is

The prominent presence of the pyramids and pyramidal decussations

Which structure is a relay station for transmission of sensory information from the spinal cord and brainstem to cerebral cortex?

Thalamus

The separation between the frontal lobe and parietal lobe is the

Central sulcus

Match the lobe to the primary function Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital Limbic

Motor control Sensory information Auditory information Visual information Emotion and memory

Match the tracts to their function

Corpus callosum - communication between the hemispheres Association fibers - communication within the hemispheres Projection fibers - communication from cortex to brainstem and spinal cord

The function of the ventricular system is to

Circulate and filter CSF Provide the cortex with cusion

This cortical layer contributes to efferent pathways to subcortical structures

Layer V: internal pyramidal layer

Which system carries tactile and proprioceptive information from the body to the cortex?

Dorsal column-medial leminiscal system

Which system carries tactile, proprioceptive, noxious and thermal information from the head and neck to the cortex?

Trigeminal system

All sensory systems have four basic attributes. They are:

Location, modality, duration, and intensity

When nociception sense goes haywire, several different forms of pathologies can develop including:

Allodynia

In the somatosensory system, which of the following structures transmits cutaneous tactile signals originating from the arm and the hand?

Dorsal columns

The cuneate nucleus within the DCML pathway processes and transmits tactile inputs derived from the

Arm and hands

In the thalamus, cutaneous tactile signals that originate from the face are processed by the

Ventroposteromedial

This is the main cortical location for all sensory input

Primary sensory cortex

A sensory receptor plus the axon is the

Primary afferent

Match the receptor to the sensory modality

Gustatory sense: chemoreceptor Olfactory sense: chemoreceptor Vestibular sense: mechanoreceptor Auditory sense: mechanoreceptor Visual sense: photoreceptor

List the 2 major arterial systems that supply blood to the brain

Carotid Vertebrobasilar

Which artery is most important for speech and language functioning

Left middle cerebral artery

The lobe rostrum to the central sulcus is the ______ lobe The lobe caudal to the central sulcus is the ________ lobe The lobe that is ventral to the lateral fissure is the _____lobe

Frontal Parietal Temporal

Structures of the brainstem

Pons Medulla oblongota Midbrain

CN responsible for phonation CN responsible for moving the mandible to chew CN responsible for rounding the lips to say ooooh CN responsible for move in the soft palate CN responsible for tongue movements

Vagus X Trigeminal V Facial VII Vagus X Hypoglossal XII

What is the white matter tract that connects one hemisphere to the other

Corpus callosum

Meninges from the outermost to the innermost layers

Dura mater Arachnoid Pia mater

Structures of the basal ganglia

Caudate nucleus Putamen Globus pallidus Substantial nigra Subthalamic nucleus

Where is cerebrospinal fluid manufactured?

Choroid plexus of the ventricles

Which somatosensory pathway transmits touch and proprioceptive information Which transmits pain and temperature information

Dorsal column - medial lemniscus Anterolateral

Which ventricle is located in the brainstem

4th

Which artery is NOT part of the circle of Willis

Vertebral arteries

The primary motor cortex is on the ______ gyrus of the _______ lobe The primary somatosensory cortex is on the _________ gyrus of the ________ lobe

Precentral - frontal Post central - parietal

Second order neurons decussate in both the DCML and ALS pathways, but in different directions T/F

True

Characteristics of the internal capsul

It is white matter It is made up of projection fibers It is located between the thalamus and basal ganglia in each hemisphere

The portion of the neuron that transmits the ap is the

Axon

The majority of the lateral surface of each hemisphere is supplied by the

Middle cerebral artery

Broca’s area is located in which lobe Wernicke’s area is located in which lobe

Frontal Temporal

The first order neuron for somatosensory information from the head is the trigeminal V nerve T/F

True

Two major types of cells found in the nervous system

Glia Neurons

CN most responsible for sensation to the face and oral cavity CN most responsible for velopharyngeal movement CN most responsible for moving the muscles of facial expression CN most responsible for vision CN innervates most of the muscles of the eyeball, including the one responsible for pupillary constriction

Trigeminal V Vagus x Facial VII Optic II Oculmotor III

What are structures of the diencephalon

Thalamus Hypothalamus

Which major artery is most responsible for supplying the area of the hemisphere responsible for speech/language

Left middle cerebral artery

Are both ears represented in both hemispheres

Yes

The somatosensory pathway responsible for transmitting fine touch and proprioception is The one that is responsible for transmitting pain and temperature

Dorsal column-medial lemniscus Anterolateral

Describe decussation in the somatosensory pathways

2nd order neurons decussate in both pathways. Decussation occurs in the brainstem for DCML fibers and in the spinal cord for ALS fibers.

When membrane potential goes from -70 mV to +50 mV, what has occurred

Action potential

Two major arterial systems that supply blood to the brain

Carotid Vertebrobasilar

What is a wedge-shaped bundle of projection fibers that pass between the basal ganglia and the thalamus

Internal capsule

Match the visual field defect to the location of its lesion

Right Homonymous hemianopsia - left optic tract Bitemporal hemianopsia - optic chiasm Left monocular blindness - left optic nerve

Sensory input for the pupillary reflex is transmitted by the _______ nerve The motor response is transmitted by the _______ nerve

Optic II Oculomotor III

Match the description to the term

Posterior sc - dorsal Inferior cerebrum - ventral Anterior sc - ventral Superior cerebrum - dorsal Posterior cerebrum - caudal Superior sc - rostral Anterior cerebrum - rostral Inferior sc - caudal

Most axons are covered with _________, which is what makes white matter look white

Myelin

Where is the 3rd ventricle located

Diencephalon

Name and number of the 3 CN responsible for moving the eyeballs

Oculomotor III Trochlear IV Abducens VI

The primary auditory cortex is on __________ gyri The primary visual cortex is on the edges of the _________ fissure

Heschl’s Calcarine

List the 2 direct upper motor neuron tracts

Corticospinal Corticobulbar

When corticobulbar and corticospinal fibers squeeze between the basal ganglia and thalamus on their way to the brainstem, the form the

Internal capsule

The CN responsible for maintaining eye gaze when head turns and for equilibrium CN that transmits taste information from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue CN that transmits taste from the posterior 1/3 of tongue CN responsible for motor aspect of the pupillary reflex CN transmits somatosensory information from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue and moves the mandible

Vestibulocochlear VIII Facial VII Glossopharyngeal IX Oculomotor II Trigeminal V

Primary neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction is

Acetylcholine

The neurotransmitter ______is produced by the substantial nigra

Dopamine

The somatosensory pathways of the body have a relay through the thalamus while the somatosensory pathways from the head go directly to the primary somatosensory cortex

False

The lower motor neuron and all the muscles it innervates is called a

Motor unite

Motor fibers of both cranial and spinal nerves are lower motor neurons

False

What is considered the movement selectors

Basal ganglia

What is most responsible for motor learning and motor coordination

Cerebellum

An ap results from movement of ions across the cell membrane Depolarization occurs from the (inward or outward???) flow of _____________ Repolarization occurs from the (Inward or outward???) flow of _________

Inward/sodium Outward/potassium

True or false: a lesion to the left primary auditory cortex will not result in deafness in either ear

True

Dopamine is produced in the _________ Its function is ________ ___________ is the primary neurotransmitter of the PNS, occurring in synapse with muscle tissue

Substantia nigra Modulators Acetylcholine