Ch 16-18 Flashcards
Primary upper motor neuron tract responsible for speech
Corticobulbar tract
Lower motor neurons supplied by corticobulbar tract are:
Cranial nerves
Somatosensory info and CN involved
Larynx - vagus X
Oropharynx - glossopharyngeal IX
Tongue, face, lips, oral cavity - trigeminal V
Reticular formation
Subcortical structure
Inner core of brainstem
Pons and medulla
Periacqueductal gray matter
Subcortical structure
Located in the brainstem
Gray matter surrounding the cerebral aqueduct (tunnel connecting 3rd and 4th ventricle)
CSF flows through
Anterior cingulate gyrus
Located on the medial surface of the hemispheres near the corpus callosum
Control of emotional components of speech
Aphasia
Disorder of language
Cause: stroke, TBI, dementia
Fluent or non-fluent
Nonfluent is a problem with speech production (Broca’s area)
Dysarthria
Look at respiratory system and see how speech production is related
Things to consider when classifying: voicing, articulation, phonation, respiratory
Flaccid: LMN damage (weakness)
Spastic: UMN (bilateral) - message is not getting to the rest of the body
Ataxic: damage to the brainstem
Hyper/hypokinetic: damage to cerebellum
Apraxia
Damage to premotor cortex and insula
Affects motor planning
Know what you want to say but muscles aren’t coordinating
Mutism
Absence of speech - many causes, not all neurological
Locked in syndrome - from a stroke
Akinetic and cerebellar mutism
Dysphonia
Any deficit with voicing
Spasmodic is neurological
Critical period of language
Critical sharply defined in which the individual must have particular stimuli to develop language normally. If you fall outside that timeframe you will not learn anything beyond what was mastered during that period.
Sensitive period of language
periods of time where brain is primed to learn specific information. Vulnerable to harmful stimuli – negative influences. Gradual shifts in sensitive to input.
Theory of mind
ability to understand that other people have feelings – empathy. Determine why someone is feeling a certain way and why. Social cognition. Important b/c can be lacking in autism/TBI. That is the medial prefrontal cortex, the temporal parietal junction, and posterior/superior temporal sulcus (association area). Understand people’s emotions.
3 categories to consider with aphasia
Fluency: fluent vs nonfluent
Comprehension: intact or not
Repetition: absent or not
Fluent types of aphasia
Wernickes - fluent nonsense speech
Transcortical sensory - repetition intact (hallmark)
Conduction - interrupting conduction of receptive information so cannot express themselves.
Anomic
Nonfluent types of aphasia
- Global – impacts all areas and affects all aspects of communications
- Mixed Transcortical – repetition is in tact
- Broca’s - comprehension is intact and repetition is poor. Looks like they are groping. Goes hand in hand with apraxia.
- Transcortical Motor –
Paraphrasias (of aphasia)
- Semantic – uses a word that is similar but not the correct word. Cracker versus bread. Kind of related. Vocabulary difference, same type of category but not the right word
- Phonolocial/Phonemic – sound substitution. Instead of boat they may say coat
- Neologistic – made up word – nonsense word.
- Semantic Jargon – words that are words but don’t make sense the order (word salad)
Secondary auditory cortex
Contributes to pitch perception
Association cortices
Contributes to auditory memory
Efferent pathway of auditory nerve
Info goes to Stapedius muscle
Helps maintain function of the ear
Auditory lesions
If lesion in the cortex will not cause deafness b/c each hemisphere receives input from both ears
If lesion on auditory nerve then will have sensorineural hearing loss
Central auditory pathway structures
See page 704
