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Neuro > Chapter 2 - Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Two types of cells in nervous system

A
  1. Neurons
  2. Glial cells
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2
Q

Why study the nervous system at the cellular level?

A

It is the basis of communication system and everything else builds on it. Helps understand the composition of the nervous system.

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3
Q

Neurons are the ___________unit but is _________ the most numerous of cells

A

Functional, NOT
Neurons do the communicating.

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4
Q

Glial cells are the _______ numerous cells in nervous system

A

MOST…90%

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5
Q

What is the function of glial cells?

A

Provide structural and metabolic support

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6
Q

Function of neurons

A

Signal and communication

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7
Q

4 main structural features of a neuron

A
  1. Soma/cell body
  2. Axons
  3. Dendrites
  4. Presynaptic terminals
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8
Q

4 functional zones of a neuron

A
  1. Input
  2. Integration
  3. Conduction
  4. Output
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9
Q

Identify parts of a neuron

A

Figure 2-1
Also be familiar with any other figures…2.3 and more?

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10
Q

What is the input sites of a neuron

A

Dendrite
Soma

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11
Q

Integration of neuron

A

Axon hillock
Input is “mixed” together

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12
Q

Conducting region of neuron

A

Signal is transmitted along the length of the AXON

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13
Q

Output site of neuron

A

Presynaptic terminal
Passes the signal on to the next neuron

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14
Q

One of the most important principals of how the nervous system functions

A

Interconnectivity
Neurons NEVER function alone
Work together for motor and sensory responses

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15
Q

Terms used to refer to groups of neurons

A
  1. Neural ensembles
  2. Neuronal groups
  3. Neural networks
  4. Neural circuits
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16
Q

3 fundamental activists of neurons in neural network to ensure distribution and sharing of information

A
  1. Receive an input
  2. Integrate input
  3. Form an OUTPUT
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17
Q

Where do signals come from for input and which pare of the neuron are they received

A

Signals come from other cells
Received at dendrite or soma

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18
Q

Two type of input

A

Excitatory - need to act on
Inhibitory - need to stop

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19
Q

Integrate input results…

A

In change in the resting state of the axon to GENERATE
An ACTION POTENTIAL

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20
Q

What is the role of the axon hillock in the integration step?

A

Monitor how electrical state changes and create an action potential

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21
Q

What is the importance of action potentials

A

Signals that allow the brain to convey information throughout the network of neurons

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22
Q

Output step includes

A

Signal travels down the length of the axon to
Presynaptic terminal
A chemical OR electrical process called a SYNAPSE
Will be generated at the PRESYNAPTIC terminal to
Pass info along to the next neuron
Flow is described as dendrite/soma - axon - dendrite/soma

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23
Q

What is a reflex?

A

Involuntary (motor) response to some type of stimulus (excitatory)
Motor response to a sensory input
See figure 2-3 pg 19

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24
Q

What are the two types of neurons involved in a reflex?

A

Sensory and motor

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25
Compare sensory to motor neuron
See figure 2-1B page 16
26
What is the sensory input and the motor output in the reflex described in figure 2-3
See page 19
27
Neurons can be classified based on their structure
Unipolar, bipolar, pseudo unipolar, multipolar
28
3 structural types of neurons found in vertebrates
Bipolar Pseudounipolar Multipolar
29
Describe a bipolar neuron
Mostly found in retina 2 projections on opposite sides of soma
30
Describe a pseudounipolar neuron
Mostly sensory neurons (pseudo-sensory) Cross between unipolar and multipolar Single short projection from soma dividing into 2 section that project in opposite directions
31
Describe a multipolar neuron
Mostly motor neurons 1 major extension acts as a axon and output site. Smaller extensions from soma operate as input locations or dendrites
32
Functional classifications of neurons
Efferent - motor Afferent - sensory Interneurons - communicate between neurons
33
Describe efferent neurons
Transmit signals FROM the brain, spinal cord, brainstem to muscle tissue and glands Generating muscle contraction and release of substance from glandular tissue
34
Describe afferent neurons
Carry signal toward the CNS. Develop sensory perception or feedback to motor regions of the brain
35
Describe interneurons
Interconnect different regions of the brain to spinal cord and brainstem
36
What are the structural features of the neuron
1. Soma (nucleus) 2. Cell membrane 3. Cytoskeleton 4. Cytoplasm 5. Nucleus 6. Axons and dendrites
37
Describe the soma
Structural, metabolic, and genetic center of the neuron Hub of the neuron 2 processes extend from soma: dendrites and axon Can have multiple dendrites but only 1 axon
38
Describe the cell membrane
Structural components of soma are bound together by membrane Separates cytoplasm from the extracellular fluid (fluid outside of the neuron) Composed of molecules know as phospholipids arranged in opposing layers - hydropholic and hydrophobic
39
Describe the cytoskeleton
Adds support to cell membrane, soma and extensions Provides structural support
40
What is another name for the cell membrane
Plasmalemma
41
What are the structures of the cytoskeleton?
1. Microtubules - define overall shape 2. Microfilaments - maintain distribution of elements 3. Neurofilmanet - provides support for structure
42
What is cytoplasm and what does it contain?
Cytoplasm is The ‘goo’ that makes up the internal space of the cell It consists of cytosol (watery fluid made up of various ions) and organelles
43
Where is a cell’s DNA located?
In the nucleus
44
What is the single-most important function of the nucleus?
Preserve the integrity and form of the chromosomes Control the mechanism of gene expression The process of decoding DNA to generate molecular instructions for creating all proteins used by cells for structural and metabolic purposes
45
Can a person’s DNA be obtained from their red blood cells
No, because there is no nucleus. Recent research indicates that there are filaments with DNA in RBC but maybe not enough
46
What are the only types of cells to have dendrites and axons?
Neurons
47
What is the means of transmission of information of the neural system?
Axons and dendrites
48
Axon length
Range from 0.1 mm to 25 m
49
Axon width
Important for speed at which signals propagate Up to 1mm - thickness of spaghetti noodle
50
What is the purpose of myelin?
Help message transmit faster Protect axon When breakdown in myelin it impacts how messages are sent
51
What are the gaps in myelin called?
Nodes of Ranvier help message skip better
52
What are the segments of myelin called
Internodes
53
What are axon collaterals?
Can appear at any place along the main axonal trunk Most often seen toward the terminal end of axon
54
What is the Presynaptic terminal
End of axon or axon collateral
55
Explain concepts of synapse, Presynaptic neurons and post synaptic neurons
Use figure 2-1A List and describe the terms that describe the locations of synapses on the two neurons Which one is depicted din Figure 2-1A Presynaptic terminal - sending info to next neuron
56
What is the function of an axoaxonic synapse?
Formed between two axons Plays critical role in regulation and modification of information transfer between two neurons in a process called Presynaptic inhibition.
57
What is axoplasmic flow and why is it needed?
Responsible for shuttling of material from the soma to the Presynaptic terminals Needed because axons and Presynaptic terminals lack major metabolic structures so they require the need for transportation mechanisms to distribute proteins and other metabolic products to the terminals
58
What are dendrites covered in and why?
Covered with synapses because dendrites are the chief input site of the neuron
59
What is the significance of arborization?
Helps bring information into cell, more branches, more information intake, more signal integration. Referring to dendrites
60
What are two types of neurons with dense arborization?
1. Motor neurons 2. Neurons of the cerebellum
61
What are the two classifications of glial cells
1. Microglia 2. Macroglia
62
3 types of macroglia
Astrocyetes - most complex and numerous Oligodendrocytes - create myelin in the CNS Schwann cells - create myelin in the PNS
63
What is the function of microglia
Part of the immune system, work as sanitation’s workers of the brain cleaning of necrotic tissue Exhibit both anti- and proinflmmanatory activity
64
important role of astrocyte
Role in the blood brain barrier - most important Protective mechanism that blocks harmful substrates in the blood from entering the brain Regulates calcium Chief packing material of the brain Regulates extracellular levels of glutamate
65
Why is astrocytomas so devastating to the nervous system?
Death of an astrocyte invariable means death to the neurons it structurally and metabolically supports Chemo therapies, radiation and surgical management approaches incapable of isolating the malignant astrocyte while preserving the health of the neuron

Neuro (15 decks)

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