Chapters 8 & 9 Flashcards by Robyn Williams

Definition of sensation

Input that helps us put purpose into action from our environment
Sensory receptors come to be activated by environmental and/or internal stimuli

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What are the 2 steps of sensation

Transduction - taking sensory info from environment and turning it into electrical energy, triggers ap
Transmission - electrical signal being carried along the pathway to the nervous system

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What is perception

How our brain selects and organizes and interprets sensory information put
Dependent on the memories of our past experiences with given stimuli

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Filters of perception

Passive filter - reacting to something in the environment
Active filter - acting on something in the environment

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What are the 3 sensory systems

Somatic
Visceral
Vestibular

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What is the somatic sensory system

The react with sensory receptors that react to stimuli that travel along our neural pathways to the CNS

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What is the visceral sensory system

From our internal body, our organs, and metabolism
E.g. stomach ache

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What is the vestibular sensory system

Visual, proprioception, tactile

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Basic attributes related to perception

Modality - reflects the different types of environmental energies that are transduced by specific forms of sensory receptors
Location - discrete region of the body that is “monitored” by a sensory ending - receptive field
Intensity - magnitude differences
Duration - temporal differences

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Characteristics of modality

Touch/proprioception, pain/temperature, hearing, balance, smell, and taste
Receptors: mechanoreceptors, nociceptors, thermoreceptors, photoreceptors

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Characteristics of intensity

Basic components of sensory receptors:
Transducing area
Spike trigger zone - quickly send info down axon
Axon

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Characteristics of duration

Slow and rapid adapting
Slow are active for longer
Rapid fire and stop quickly

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Definition of a receptive field

Skin area, visual field area, or tonal space which an adequate stimulus generates ap in a sensory receptor
Classified as large or small

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What is Somatosensation?

Specific parts of CNS are activated by
Physical stimuli in the environment that results in
Pressure, touch, or pain
Interpretation of the stimuli is somatosensation

The body’s ability to sense touch, pressure, temperature, pain, and proprioception (body position and movement)

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submodalities of Somatosensation

Touch
Vibration
Proprioception
Pain
Temperature

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What does transduction ad simultaneous processing of somatosensory sub-modalities lead to?

Exteroreceptive
Interoceptive
Proprioceptive cognitive awareness

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Exteroception

Interprets info from the environment
Active or passive
Submodalities: primarily touch, pressure, contact, vibration, pain, temp
Types of receptors: mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors

Interoception

Interpreting our internal functioning of our organ systems
GI tract, respiratory systems, overall feeling of well being
Types of receptors: chemoreceptors, nociceptors, mechanoreceptors

Proprioception

Sense of our body in space
Rate of movement
Receptors: mechanoreceptors, muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs

Sensory pathways

Dorsal column-medial lemniscal: touch, proprioception, vibration, pressure
Anterolateral: nocioception and temp from head up (acute and chronic pain)
Trigeminal thalamic: info from the head and vocal tract up
Trigeminal lemniscus: info from head and vocal tract regarding nocioception and temperature

Periphery Somatosensory apparatus consists of

Tactile
Proprioception
Thermal
Nociception
Primary afferent fibers (axons)

characteristics of tactile periphery

Type 1 is closer to the surface: Merkels disc, Meissner corpuscle, and hair follicles
Type 2 is deeper: Ruffini endings, Pacinian corpuscle, and hair follicles
Slowly adapting: Merkel and Ruffini
Rapidly adapting: Meissner and pacinian

Characteristics of periphery proprioception

Muscle spindles (stretch) - posture and steady gate - responds to rate of length change and static length
Golgi tendon organ (tension) - arises from contractions, helps maintain our muscle force - responds to force and load

Characteristics of periphery nociception

Unmyelinated or lightly myelinated
Pain is our perceptual response to our nociceptors receptors
First pain is acute and sharp - lightly myelinated
Second pain is aching and persistent - unmyelinated

What is allodynia

Dysfunction of the nociception - neural confusion Pain secondary to stimuli that does not cause pain Heightened sensitivity to some physical issue that would not typical cause pain Symptom, not a disease process Trigeminal neuralgia - can impact how someone eats because they have tremendous pain while eating

Primary afferent fibers

Afferent from body/dermatomes Afferent from head/trigeminal innervation zones

Afferent from body/dermatomes

Area on body innervated by 1 spinal nerve Helps id neurological deficits at what level there is damage Shingles: appears along a dermatomes line

Afferent from head/trigeminal innervation zones

Opthalamic, maxillary, mandibular

4 general features of the DCML

Travels the length of the body Crosses midline at dienceophalon (medulla) Thalamus nucleus is the 3rd order 2 separate sections: gracile (lower limbs and trunk) and cuneate (upper limbs and trunk)

What are the central somatosensory pathways?

DCML ALS Trigeminal

Know 1st, 2nd, 3rd order and pathway

See outline and diagram

Perceptual appreciation of pain

Sensory - discriminative pathway mediates location, intensity, and noxious sensations Affective - motivational pathway mediates emotion and autonomic response to pain. Projects to structures in limbic system contributing to emotional response associated with pain

3 branches of the first order of neurons of trigeminal system

Ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular

3 nuclei of the 2nd order of neurons for trigeminal system

Ophthalmic and maxillary go to principal and spinal nucleus of trigeminal Mandibular goes to mesencephalic, principal and spinal

What 3 things does the proportion of areas of somatosensory cortex indicate

Increased sensation Precision of motor control Process multiple modalities

Output from primary somatosensory cortex goes to

Secondary somatosensory cortex Association cortices in the posterior parietal lobe

Characteristics of secondary somatosensory cortex

Located in broadmans 43 on parietal lobe, just above lateral sulcus, inferior to central sulcus Function: interpret spatial info, tactile memory, association with sensory experience

Association cortices characteristics

Superior and inferior parietal lobules function: helps with goal directed activities, matches sensory properties of object to physical output Hand/eye coordination, complex activities that we need sensory input to complete effectively

Neuroplasticity

Brain adapts to sensory needs of body and changes based on usage Something that is learned Changed structure, function and connection of messages in the brain Important to SLP because we are trying to tap into neuroplasticity to help improve brain function. Helping create new pathways with therapy

10 principles of neuroplasticity

Use it or lose it Use it and improve it Repetition matters Specificity Intensity matters Time matters Salience matters Age matters Transference Interference - see page 353