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Neuro > Chapter 11 & 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 & 12 Flashcards

1
Q

What is reflection

A

The way light bounces off of surfaces

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2
Q

What is refraction?

A

bending of light when it traverses across two different transparent conditions

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3
Q

What is absorption

A

The transfer of light EM energy to an object

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4
Q

What are the sensory receptors for vision and where are they located

A

Rods and cones
Deepest layer of the retina
They are photoreceptors

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5
Q

Sclera

A

Covering of the eye
Point of attachment for muscles that move eyeball (3, 4, 6)
Gives white color to eye
Helps eye be stiff and shape

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6
Q

Cornea

A

Transparent covering of eyeball
Continuous with sclera

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7
Q

Pupil

A

Opening located behind the cornea
Surrounded by rings of muscle = iris
Helps to focus and allow light into eye
Adapts to amount of light

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8
Q

Lens

A

Located behind the iris
Responsible for focusing visual images onto the retina

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9
Q

Vitreous chamber

A

Space behind the lens
Contains vitreous humor
responsible for shape of the eyes
helps keep retina in place

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10
Q

Posterior eye is the ______

A

Retina

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11
Q

Macula

A

Region in the retina with no blood vessels

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12
Q

Center of the macula

A

Fovea - central point of focus and it’s contains cones

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13
Q

Blind spot

A

Location which axons emerge from the optic disc
Contains no receptor cells
Brain fills in visual space

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14
Q

Differentiate between visual space and visual field

A

Space = everything we see in our environment
Field = area each retina can see

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15
Q

Describe how visual field lands on the retina

A

Images are inverted and reversed but same quadrants as visual field lands

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16
Q

Deep layer of retina

A

Rods and cones
Photo and sensory receptors

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17
Q

Middle layer of retina

A

Retinal bipolar cells
Filter light for difference in amount of light

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18
Q

Superficial retinal layer

A

Retinal ganglion cells
First ap starts
Becomes optic nerve CN 2

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19
Q

Similarities of rods and cones

A

Photoreceptors
Function in twilight together

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20
Q

Differences of rods and cones

A

Rods are sensitive in light, not good with acuity, function in low light, don’t interpret color. If damaged will have difficulty seeing in low light. There are more rods than cones. Rods have more on periphery
Cones have high visual clarity. Not sensitive to light, how we see color. Active in daytime. Sit near fovea on macula. Damage can result in blindness

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21
Q

What is the optic nerve made of?

A

Axons from the retinal ganglion cells First ap

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22
Q

What are the 4 quadrants of the visual field

A

Temporal/nasal
Upper/lower

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23
Q

Optic nerve transmits images from which eye?

A

Ipsilateral

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24
Q

Optic nerve path

A

Extends posteriorly until decussation at the optic chiasm

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25
Where is the optic chiasm located
At the base of the hemispheres near the diencephalon
26
What happens at optic chiasm
See #2 on the handout under the central visual pathway
27
Optic tract
Transmits images from both eyes Optic tract in right hemisphere transmits info from the left visual field of each eye Transmits to thalamus with some branching along the way
28
Hypothalamus branch of optic tract
Fight/flight Pupil dilation and eyelids open up Sympathetic system
29
Edinger-Westphalia nucleus optic tract branch
Pupillary constriction, helps with lens accommodation (letting light into eye Adapts) Parasympathetic system
30
Superior colliculi optic tract branch
Head orientation in response to visual stimuli Facilitate motor responses based on what we see in the environment
31
Lateral geniculate body
Fibers to thalamus on the LGN Maintains retinotopic arrangement Optic radiations start here at LGN Info sent to primary visual cortex
32
Primary visual cortex
Info from optic radiations to primary visual cortex - broadmans area 17
33
Where is the primary visual cortex located?
Occipital lobe: striate cortex and calcarine sulci & gyri Disproportionate according to need
34
Deficit to optic nerve
Blindness from that particular eye Monocular blindness is due to damage in that nerve Can see in other eye but will effect depth perception and no pupillary light reflex in that eye.
35
Deficit in optic chiasm
Loss of vision in temporal visual fields Due to pressure or tumor
36
Deficit in optic tract
Loss of vision from entire contralateral binocular visual field Nasal side of right eye and temporal field of left eye (vice versa) Brain will fill in for blank spot for the nasal portion but will have loss of peripheral vision
37
Deficit in optic radiations
Transmits to primary visual cortex Loss of visual from a quarter of hemifield Homonymous quadratanopsia
38
Site of lesion for monocular blindness
Optic nerve
39
Site of lesion for bitemporal hemianopsia
Optic chiasm
40
Site of lesion for Homonymous hemianopsia
Damage to optic tract (nasal and temporal branch) Same side of each eye is missing. Left side of both eyes or right side of both eyes. Because the lesion is AFTER the optic chiasm where the nasal branch crosses over so the nasal branch and temporal branches of opposite sides run together.
41
Site of lesion for Homonymous quadrantonopsia
Loss in one quadrant from each eye optic radiations
42
Site of lesion for Homonymous hemianopsia with macular sparing
Visual cortex on opposite side
43
Deficit at occipital lobe
Will have cortical blindness but muscles of eyes still work Bilateral visual field deficit Reflexes work but missing interpretation
44
Unilateral visual field loss
Usually site of damage is in front of optic chiasm
45
Bilateral visual field loss
Site of lesion usually at or behind optic chiasm
46
Olfactory pathway
Inhale through nasal cavities Odorants hit our olfactory epithelium in ethmoid bone Axons become olfactory nerve Which then becomes olfactory bulb Which then becomes olfactory tract To cortex
47
Transduction of odorants
Olfactory receptor neurons (primary afferent) start the chemoreceptors firing Olfactory cilia (sit on end of olfactory receptor neurons) transduce odorants through bowman glands Bowman glands create serous fluids to help warm, moisten, trap air particles Protects nasal cavity and transmits odorants
48
Perception of odors
Determined by the velocity of the airflow and volume of air
49
What are glomeruli?
Second order olfactory nerve fibers Synaptic targets Composed of: interneurons & axon terminals
50
Olfactory cortex
1. Anterior olfactory nucleus 2. Amygdala 3. Olfactory tubercle 4. Entorhinal 5. Piriform cortex
51
Anterior olfactory nucleus
Connects olfactory bulbs together at anterior commissure
52
Amygdala
Transmits info to hypothalamus Includes emotional responses to smell
53
Olfactory tubercle
Sits anterior to optic chiasm Integrates visual and auditory senses to localize smells
54
Entorhinal
Comes from olfactory bulbs together and links to hippocampus and ties in memory
55
Piriform cortex
Located b/w frontal and temporal lobes Gets info from mitral cells and nervous system Helps take input in to control behavior and reaction to a particular smell Orbital frontal cortex is final stop where we have cognitive discrimination of odors Associate name of smell with smell
56
Facts about taste/tastants
Tastants are soluble in saliva, saliva boosts taste Taste strength is related to concentration of tastants Higher concentration in front of mouth = pleasant tastes Lower concentration in back of mouth = unpleasant tastes
57
Flavor vs. taste
Interpretation of flavor is a combo of olfactory, gustatory, and somatosensory systems. Taste is response to gustants
58
What are the sensory receptors for taste/where are they located?
Taste buds are sensory receptors Sit on the sides of and in the grooves of the papillae Interpret sours, sweet, bitter, and umami Like orange slices and that’s where receptors sit (in order) Renew weekly
59
What are the 3 papillae?
1. Fungiform 2. Vallate 3. Foliate
60
Fungiform
Largest area Anterior 2/3rds of tongue CN VII innervates Highest number of taste buds Can interpret all 5 tastes
61
Vallate
Larger at posterior tongue CN IX innervates
62
Foliate
Posterior and lateral Taste is mediated by CN IX
63
Taste sensitivity
Sweet = anterior CN VII=sweet & salty CN IX=sour & bitter Makes sense b/c of location
64
What brings tastants into receptors?
Microfili
65
Central gustatory pathway
Triggered when taste pores receive tastants Ipsilateral all the way to the cortex CN 7, 9, 10 Vagus from the pharyngeal Travels along medulla at solitary tract nucleus (gustatory center of the brainstem) Next to thalamus (VPM) To cortex - insula (ties in emotional responses to eating) broadmans 36 (medial temporal lobe)-association area that helps us learn if we like something or not
66
Where is the gustatory center
Insula and medial temporal lobe
67
How is taste linked to other cognitive thought?
Because of the involvement of the insula with our emotion and memory and our association areas to help with learning. Taste is involved with a number of aspects because of where pathway ends
68
Aging/chemical sense
Taste buds aren’t renewing as fast Olfactory not as responsive Impacts how people eat
69
Surgical intervention/chemical sense
Impact taste if they have a tracheotomy or laryngectomy Both changes airflow so don’t use olfactory tract anymore
70
Injury & disease/chemical sense
Brain injury along the olfactory or gustatory pathway impacts what we ear or want to eat Chronic nicotine use affects Xirostomia - occurs after radiation, gives dry mouth. Since saliva intensifies taste Taste strength this negatively impacts eating
71
Brainstem respiratory centers
Role in swallowing - suspends breathing When ready to swallow, pons is in charge of rhythm and depth of breathing
72
Cortical and subcortical control of swallowing
Swallowing is reflexive and voluntary Swallowing saliva is reflexive Sensory and motor We can control it to a certain degree

Neuro (15 decks)

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