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Chapter 4 - Quiz 3 Flashcards

1
Q

The nervous system can be divided into 2 major parts

A

CNS
PNS

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2
Q

What comprises the CNS?

A

Brain
Spinal cord

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3
Q

What comprises PNS?

A

Nerves

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4
Q

PNS can be divided into…

A

Somatic
Autonomic/visceral

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5
Q

Visceral/autonomic portions of PNS consist of…

A

Sympathetic
Parasympathetic

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6
Q

What is the difference between gray and white matter?

A

Gray matter is cell bodies/soma
White matter is axons (white from the myelin)

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7
Q

What are the convolutions in the cerebral cortex called?

A

Gyri
Sulci

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8
Q

What are hills and valleys in the cerebral cortex?

A

Hills = Gyri/gyrus
Valleys = Sulci/sulcus

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9
Q

Groups of cell bodies in the CNS

A

Cortex (cerebral cortex)
Nucleus (nuclei) - sub-cortical nuclei

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10
Q

Group of cell bodies in PNS

A

Ganglia
Brainstem is where cranial nerves originate
Arranged somototopically - areas of body = areas of function in PNS

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11
Q

Bundle of axons - PNS

A

Nerves

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12
Q

Various names for bundle of axons CNS

A

Tract
fiber
pathway
peduncle
fasciculus
lemniscus
capsule
commissure

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13
Q

What are PNS - nerves

A

Axons that are ensheathed by
nested layers of connective tissue
It operates to segregate and compartmentalize axons
from one other

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14
Q

What are the bony protections of the brain and spinal cord?

A

Skull
Vertebral column

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15
Q

Divisions of the skull

A

Facial mask
Cranium

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16
Q

How is the bony protection of the brain also a source of injury?

A

There is no room for swelling so it can create pressure or can result in a herniation

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17
Q

Major functions of spinal cord

A

-primary link between body and CNS
-chief input and output site for sensory/motor signals b/w body and nervous system
-communicates with peripheral of body to cortex

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18
Q

What is the most basic function of the spinal cord?

A

Reflexive activity
A reflex is an involuntary motor response to some type of sensory input

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19
Q

Normal reflexes

A

Cough, gag, knee jerk

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20
Q

Primitive reflexes

A

Sucking
Rooting
Moro
Grasping
Babinski
Up to 4-6 months

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21
Q

Pathological reflexes

A

If person starts showing primitive reflexes again then dementia
If primitive reflexes persist past 4-6 could be cerebral palsy
If no reflexes could be indicative of neurological deficit

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22
Q

Where does the spinal cord begin?

A

Continuous with brainstem
Begins at foramen magnum (large hole in the bottom of the skull)

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23
Q

Segmental appearance of spinal cord

A

Damage in body = damage in specific section of spinal cord
Organized so that given regions of the body correlated with specific zones of the spinal cord: sensory and motor

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24
Q

What does segments of spinal cord show?

A

Horizontal section
Spinal cord tissue
All associated nerves that enter and exit
Dorsal = enter = afferent
Ventral = exit = efferent

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25
Locate/id landmarks of external spinal cord
Dorsal median sulcus Ventral median sulcus Dorsointermediate Sulci Dorsolateral Sulci Ventrolateral sulci
26
General information about spinal nerves
Dorsal roots are sensory/afferent Ventral roots are motor/efferent Nerve contains both sensory and motor fibers Dorsal and ventral rami (branches of spinal nerves) (rami means branch): each contains both type of fibers Rami communicans supply the viscera (organs - fight or flight)
27
What is a spinal nerve?
Originate from nerve roots (dorsal and ventral) Principal PNS structure linking the body components with CNS
28
Cervical region innervates
Head, Neck, shoulder region and arms (diaphragm) Respiratory control, heart, GI dismobility
29
Thoracic region innervates
Upper trunk Respiratory muscles Expand lungs, lung pressure, checking action
30
Lumbar and sacral innervate
Lower trunk, legs and feet Pelvic girdle is a web of nerves - plexus
31
What does gray matter of spinal cord consist of?
mostly of cell bodies of motor and sensory neurons as well as interneurons
32
Gray matter of spinal cord can be segregated into 3 zones
ventral horn, a dorsal horn, and an intermediate zone
33
What is a dermatome
Area of the body that is supplied by a single spinal cord dorsal root
34
What is a myotome
A group of muscles that are innervated by a single spinal nerve root Relates to motor movement
35
What is a lower motor neuron
Cell bodies in ventral horn of spinal cord that innervate muscles
36
White matter in the spinal cord consists of
Ascending and descending axon bundles Surrounds central core of gray matter
37
What do ascending tracts of the spinal cord mediate?
Tactile Proprioceptive Nociceptive Thermal inputs
38
What are the two fasciculi of the dorsal columns?
Gracile - somatosensory to high CNS High cuneate - in uppermost of s.c. And innervates trunk and limbs
39
What are upper motor neurons and how do they relate to lower motor neurons?
UMN originate in the CNS, send information to spinal cord and brainstem, activating LMN LMN originate in the spinal cord, send messages to muscles
40
Why does the spinal cord vary in appearance at various levels?
Based on the amount of information need to send Based on sensory information being received
41
Describe the general location of the brainstem and 3 major structures that comprise it
Rostral to caudal: midbrain, pons, medulla Inferior to cerebrum Rostral to spinal cord Anterior to cerebellum
42
What are cranial nerves and why are they included in the study of the brainstem
CN are part of the PNS 12 CN that are a mix of motor/sensory Innervate head and neck muscles as well as visceral
43
What is the reticular formation?
network of neurons In the core of the brainstem Regulates cardiopulmonary function, digestion, motivation ,attention, and vocalization Regulates everything necessary for survival
44
What are central pattern generators (CPG)
Neural basis for reflex Help produce repetitive rhythmic movements Motor patterns independent of sensory input Adaptable to environmental and task conditions
45
Why are brainstem injuries some of the most devastating types of injuries?
Brainstem connects to cerebellum and cerebrum via cerebral peduncles Deficit means losing that connection Brainstem problems effect cranial nerves, reticular formation, central pattern generators
46
Medulla oblongata major features
-Known as information highway - passageway for various axon tracts - link between spinal cord and cerebrum -CN 8-12 originate -Reticular formation - controls blood pressure, heart rate, deep rhythmic breathing
47
Cranial nerves originating in medulla
hearing and balance (auditory/vestibular-CN VIII) swallowing and voice production (glossopharyngeal - CN IX and vagus – CN X) motion of the head (accessory -CN XI) motion of the tongue (hypoglossal - CN XII)
48
How does control of respiration differ in mammals compared to other species?
We have neural control. Can stop breathing if want to We control how much breath we take and use
49
External features of medulla - see book pages 129-132
Anterior median fissure Pyramids (tracts with a lot of info) Pyramidal decussation Olivary eminence Nerve roots: Hypoglossal (XII) Accessory (XI) Vagus (X) Vestibulocochlear (VII) Glossopharyngeal (IX)
50
Internal features - medulla
Medial leminiscus Anterior and lateral tract (sensory) Corticospinal tract (descending) Vestibular nuclei Cochlear nuclei
51
3 major functions of the pons
1. Connects spinal cord to higher CNS - sending info to high cortical levels 2. Respiratory center with pneumotaxic and apneustic centers 3. Origin of cranial nerves related to control of facial muscles to produce speech and motion of eyes
52
Cranial nerves originating from pons
Produce speech (facial - CN VII) movement of the mandible (trigeminal - CN V) motion of the eyes (abducens – CN VI)
53
How does neural control of respiration differ from other visceral functions?
Respiration is managed in the reticular formation of pons - pneumotaxic and apneristic centers reside there Ability to override function because of pneumotaxic and apneustic centers Visceral cannot be overridden Override is important for speech and swallowing
54
External features of the pons
Trigeminal system Superior, middle, inferior cerebellar peduncle (connect pons to cerebellum) Caudal border has cranial nerves: Abducens (VI) 6 and Facial (VII) 7
55
Internal features of pons
Basilar pontine Pontine tegmentum - transmit sensory and motor info b/w upper/lower levels of CNS (sound processing, attention, motivation) Superior olivary complex - hearing and sound Central nerve nuclei Pontine respiratory centers (apneustic and pneumotaxic)
56
Pontine reticular formation
Apneustic center PROMOTES inspiration by exciting cells of MEDULLARY respiratory center Pneumotaxic center LIMITS inspiration by inhibiting cells of MEDULLARY respiratory center
57
Describe the location of midbrain (mesencephalon)
Rostral to pons Behind cerebrum (posterior to cerebrum)
58
3 anatomical/functional zones of midbrain
1. Cerebral peduncle - crus cerebri: tracts that connect midbrain with cerebrum. Contains corticospinal/bulbar tracts 2. Tegmentum - cranial nerves 3 and 4 originate, red nuclei and substantia nigra 3. Tectum - superior and inferior colliculi - superior = vision, inferior = hearing
59
Features of midbrain
Major conduit for both ascending and descending axon pathways: ○ Motion of the eyes ■ CN III and CN IV ○ Visual reflexes to light ■ CN III
60
Gray matter in midbrain function
● Midbrain also houses gray matter structures that are closely associated with: ○ Motor control functions of the cerebellum (coordination of skilled movement) and the basal ganglia (initiation and termination of action plans) ○ Sound and visual input processing
61
External features of midbrain
Cranial nerves 3 & 4 Lateral geniculate (vision) Medial geniculate (auditory) Close to optic chasm Mammillary bodies
62
Internal features of midbrain
Frontopontine fibers Corticobulbar/spinal tract Substantia Niagara Tegmentum Cranial nuclei 3, 4 Edinger westphal Ocular gray matter Red nuclei Contributes to motor control
63
Cortex is gray matter in which groups of cell bodies are organized into______
Gyri and sulci
64
Gray matter can be _______ or ______
Cortex or nucleus
65
Nucleus (nuclei) aka sub-cortical nuclei
-critical locations of information processing, integration/synthesis, transmission to other areas of the CNS -heavily interconnected w/ cerebral cortex and other sub-cortical nuclei for the purpose to Perform and mediate key aspects of movement, sensation, emotion, and cognition
66
What do descending tracts of the spinal cord do?
Innervates LMN that project to muscles and glands

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