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Biology > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Proteins & protein synthesis (transcription and translation)

A

Transcription: the process by which a cell makes an RNA copy of a piece of DNA
Translation:the process where the information carried in mRNA molecules is used to create proteins.

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2
Q

What is the function of DNA, RNA, and proteins

A
  • DNA: carries genetic information–> makes the RNA –> codes for proteins by which living things function.
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3
Q

What type of macromolecule are enzymes? What types of jobs do enzymes do?

A

Proteins are a class of macromolecules composed of amino acid chains linked together by peptide bonds.

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4
Q

What is a mutation?

A

Random changes in an individual’s DNA sequence that can possibly provide an advantage for survival

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5
Q

What is a mutagen?

A

an agent, such as radiation or a chemical substance, which causes genetic mutation.

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6
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

A structure found inside the nucleus of a cell.

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7
Q

What is an allele?

A

one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.

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8
Q

Crossing over

A

When two chromosomes — one from the mother and one from the father — line up, parts of the chromosome can be switched. The two chromosomes contain the same genes, but may have different forms of the genes.

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9
Q

Independent assortment

A

describes how different genes independently separate from one another when reproductive cells develop.

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10
Q

Law of segregation

A

During the formation of gamete, each gene separates from each other so that each gamete carries only one allele for each gene

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11
Q

What is the overall purpose of meiosis? (In other words, what does it do for the organism?)

A

reduces the number of chromosomes in the parent cell by half and produces four gamete cells. This process is required to produce egg and sperm cells for sexual reproduction.

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12
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic makeup of an organism

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13
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical characteristics can be shown

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14
Q

Heterozygous

A

Rr

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15
Q

Homozygous

A

RR or rr

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16
Q

fertilization

A

a complex multi-step process that is complete in 24 hours

17
Q

“sex-linked” traits

A

characteristics that are determined by genes located on the sex chromosomes

18
Q

autosomal traits

A

Autosomal dominant traits pass from one parent onto their child.

19
Q

Do individuals evolve or is it populations that evolve?

A

A single individual cannot evolve alone; evolution is the process of changing the gene frequencies within a gene pool

20
Q

Natural selection - how do traits become common in a population?

A

The theory that states organisms wit traits best suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce

21
Q

What is speciation?

A

The formation of a new species

22
Q

How does a population evolve over time?

A

A single individual cannot evolve alone; evolution is the process of changing the gene frequencies within a gene pool

23
Q

What do organisms compete for?

A

Food, water,living space, mates

24
Q

What role do mutations play in evolution?

A

variability in populations and thus enable evolutionary change.

25
Q

fitness

A

The term for success with surviving and reproducing

26
Q

allele frequency

A

How often a specific allele appears in a population

27
Q

Species

A

A group of organisms that share similar characteristics and can reproduce among themselves to produce fertile offspring

28
Q

genetic variation

A

A genetic trait that makes an individual different from other members of the same species

29
Q

selection pressure

A

The evolutionary force that causes a particular phenotype to be more favorable in certain environmental conditions and drive evolution through natural selection

30
Q

heredity

A

The passing of traits from parent to offspring

31
Q

Gene pool

A

All alleles in a population

Biology (8 decks)

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