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Biology > DNA structure test > Flashcards

DNA structure test Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the full name of DNA?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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2
Q

What are the 4 nitrogenous bases

A

Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C)

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3
Q

What is meant by the term antiparallel?

A

strands are opposite

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4
Q

mRNA

A
  • Messenger RNA
  • Carries genetic information from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome in the cytoplasm to make proteins
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5
Q

tRNA

A
  • Transfer RNA
  • Each tRNA transfers a different amino acid to the ribosome during protein synthesis
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6
Q

rRNA

A
  • Ribosomal RNA
  • Helps form large and small subunits of ribosomes
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7
Q

What are start codons and stop codons?

A
  • Start codons- Protein translation is initiated
  • Stop codons- Termination of the translation site
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8
Q

Components of a nucleotide

A

Deoxyribosugar, phosphate, and Nitrogenous bases.

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9
Q

Hydrogen bonding - which base pairs are held with 3 H bonds vs. 2 H bonds?
5’ to 3’ and 3’ to 5’

A

Purines are held with 2 bonds
Pyrimidines are held with 3 bonds

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10
Q

Complementary base pairing - which ones pair together and why?

A

Adenine matches with thinine
Guanine matches with cytosine

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11
Q

Topoisomerase

A
  • Works in a position just ahead of the helicase
  • Untwists the DNA and holds it steady so that helicase can move down the replication bubble
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12
Q

What makes DNA twist? - hydrophobic vs. hydrophilic

A

Alternating deoxyribose and phosphate molecules

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13
Q

Helicase

Disrupts by

A
  • Unzips the double helix by disrupting hydrogen bonding between nitrogenous bases
  • Creates two single strands with free nitrogenous bases that can be used as a template for free nitrogenous bases to be added
  • Moves in both directions from the origin of replication
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14
Q

Single Stranded Binding

A
  • Holds the single strand still and stable
  • Prevents the two strands from rejoining so that additional proteins may do their jobs of adding new nitrogenous bases
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15
Q

Primase (Primer)

A
  • Attaches a short complementary RNA strand to the DNA template - this is a start code, which is a primer that allows the next protein to begin working
  • Works only in the 5’ to 3’ direction
  • 1 primase is needed for the leading strand (continuous replication)
  • Multiple primase is needed for the lagging strand (fragmented synthesis)
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16
Q

DNA Polymerase III

Identifies opposite of DNA

A
  • Identifies the RNA primer and attaches to the strand at that location
  • Continuously moves in the 5’ to 3’ direction adding free nucleotides from the environment within the nucleus to the template strand
  • Releases from the template when two replication forks meet
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17
Q

DNA Polymerase I

A
  • Fills in the gaps between Okazaki fragments by adding the correct nucleotides (ones with complementary nitrogenous bases)
18
Q

Okazaki fragments

A

There are gaps between the fragments of new DNA that must be filled in as replication continues down the lagging strand

19
Q

Ligase

A
  • This joins the fragments into one continuous complementary strand of DNA by synthesizing phosphodiester bonds
20
Q

Nuclease

* ______Bonds
* Helps with….

A
  • Phosphodiester bonds
  • play crucial roles in various DNA repair processes, which involve DNA replication, base excision repair,
21
Q

CODons

A

Codes for a specific amino acid

22
Q

AnTicodons

A

Found in tRNA and pairs with codon on a strand of mRNA during translation

23
Q

Location of transcription

A

Nucleus of human cells

24
Q

What is a complementary mRNA gene sequence

A

A,C,G,U

25
Q

IniTiation (Translation step 1)

A
  • Transcription factors (helper proteins) bind to a promoter region somewhere on the DNA double helix
  • In humans, our promoter region (TATA box)
26
Q

Elongation (Translation step 2)

A

The mRNA strand is synthesized
* RNA Polymerase III attaches to the double helix
* It untwists the double helix to create a transcription bubble
* It moves down the template strand in the 3’–>5’ direction , adding complementary RNA nucleotides to the growing mRNA in the 5’–>3’ direction and securing the RNA sugar-phosphate backbone

27
Q

Termination (Translation step 3)

A
  • RNA Polymerase III adds complementary RNA nucleotides to the DNA template until a stop code is reached
  • termination code is called polyadenylation (a string of A’s) - it tells the polymerase to stop transcribing and the enzyme releases the DNA double helix and the new mRNA strand
28
Q

Termination code

A

polyadenylation (a string of A’s)

29
Q

Promoter region

A

TATA box

30
Q

Replication bubble

A
  • Two replication forks are formed at the replication bubble
  • DNA replication occurs in both directions.
31
Q

Replication fork

A

A Y-shaped region where the parent DNA splits into two strands

32
Q

What sugar is in RNA? How is the sugar different from DNA?

A

RNA- Ribose
DNA- Deoxy, No ribose

33
Q

Purines vs. pyrimidines

A

Purines: adenine and guanine
Pyrimidines: cytosine and thymine

34
Q

Hydrogen bonding - which base pairs are held with 3 H bonds vs. 2 H bonds?

A

Purines: Adenine and guanine form 2 bonds
Pyrimidines: Cytosine and thymine form 3 bonds

35
Q

5’ to 3’ and 3’ to 5’

A

Count the amount of sugars starting with oxygen and going clockwise

36
Q

What is the job of DNA? And where is DNA stored?

A

To store and transmit genetic info. It is stored in the nucleus

37
Q

Leading strand

A
  • Runs from 5’ to 3’ direction in the replication fork
  • Can be replicated continuously
38
Q

Lagging strand

A
  • The strand opens in 3’ to 5’ direction toward the replication fork
  • Replication is fragmented
39
Q

Transcription

A

the process of building a complementary RNA copy of a DNA strand

40
Q

Translation

A

is the process of building a protein based on the sequence of the RNA copy

Biology (8 decks)

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