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A and P > Final Exam :) > Flashcards

Final Exam :) Flashcards

1
Q

what does blood plasma contain

A

it is mostly water plasma proteins, and dissolved solutes

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2
Q

what is it called if a patient has a blood pH less than 7.35

A

acidosis

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3
Q

what is it called if a patient has a blood ph greater than 7.45

A

alkalosis

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4
Q

what is the normal ph of blood

A

it is more alkaline in the range of 7.35-7.45

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5
Q

a single hemoglobin molecule can carry up to how many oxygen molecules

A

4

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6
Q

what are the formed elements of blood

A

red blood cells-99.9
white blood cells
platelets

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7
Q

hemopoiesis

A

the process of producing formed elements by myeloid and lymphoid stem cells

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8
Q

what is the technical term of formed elements

A

erythrocytes
leukocytes
thrombocytes

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9
Q

what is the major function of erythrocytes

A

transporting both respiratory gasses (oxygen and carbon dioxide)

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10
Q

what are the main symptoms of liver failure, blocked bile duct, or hepatitis

A

develop jaundice due to bilirubin buildup

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11
Q

what blood test gives the percentage of whole blood contributed by formed elements (mostly rbc) the volume

A

hematocrit

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12
Q

what is the test to see more specific count on blood (wbc). complete blood count

A

differential

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13
Q

what are the white blood cells

A

granulocytes:
neutrophil
eosinophil
basophil
agranulocytes:
lymphocyte
monocyte

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14
Q

what are the percentages of wbc

A

neutrophil-60-70%
lymphocytes- 25-35%
monocytes- 3-8%
eosinophil- 2-4%
basophil- <.5%

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15
Q

technical terms of low and high count rbc

A

low-anemia
high- erythrocytosis/polycythemia (inflammation)

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16
Q

technical terms of low and high platelet count

A

low- thrombocytopenia
high-thrombocytosis (at risk for heat attacks and strokes)

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17
Q

technical terms of low medium and high count of wbc

A

low- leukopenia (severe infection)
moderate increase- leukocytosis (regular infection)
very high- leukemia (cancer in bone marrow)

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18
Q

erythropoietin hormone (5)

A

its released from the kidneys
released when there’s a decrease blood flow or oxygen delivery to kidneys
it’s released during anemia
stimulates red blood cell production

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19
Q

most common wbc in a healthy individual

A

neutrophil

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20
Q

thrombocytopenia shows symptoms

A

patient may experience bleeding and have a count less than 150.000 cells/microliter of blood

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21
Q

coagulation ultimately results in the formation of what insoluble protein

A

fibrin

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22
Q

major difference between plasma and interstitial fluid

A

plasma has plasma proteins

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23
Q

the function of hemoglobin

A

bind and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood

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24
Q

red blood cell removal characteristics

A

worn out rbc are removed by macrophages
subunits are broken down and their amino acids are recycled
heme is broken down into biliverdin then bilirubin which is waste
hemoglobinuria occurs if rbc are not removed properly

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25
Q

what’s the difference between red blood cells and hemoglobin

A

hemoglobin is a protein within red blood cells. they are just a component.

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26
Q

how is iron removed from red blood cells

A

transferrin to get recycled

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27
Q

the production of red blood cells requires

A

amino acids
vitamin b6
iron
b12
folic acid

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28
Q

where are plasma proteins made

A

made in the liver

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29
Q

what is red blood cell production called and where does it happen

A

erythropoiesis in the bone marrow

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30
Q

what stimulates erythropoiesis

A

erythropoietin and multi-csf

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31
Q

hemolytic disease of new born can occur in what blood type combo

A

Eh neg mom, Rh positive baby

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32
Q

what cells originate at lymphoid stem cells

A

lymphocytes

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33
Q

what white blood cells increase inflammation

A

neutrophils and basophils

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34
Q

neutrophils

A

cause inflammation
and the first to attack bacteria
engulf and digest pathogens

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35
Q

what enzyme converts fibrinogen to fibrin

A

thrombin

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36
Q

what coagulation pathway leads to activation of factor x

A

intrinsic pathway and extrinsic pathway

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37
Q

factor 3 is important to what coagulation pathway

A

extrinsic pathway

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38
Q

the platelet phase of hemostasis is the formation of what

A

platelet plug

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39
Q

multi csf

A

stimulates production of all blood cells except lymphocytes

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40
Q

the structure of rbc

A

contain hemoglobin, small disks, biconcave, flexible membrane, no nucleus or organelles, high surface to volume ratio, form stacks called rouleaux

41
Q

what do subunits get recycled as

A

amino acids and released into blood

42
Q

stem cells of red blood cells

A

hemocytoblast>myeloid stem cells>erythrocytes

43
Q

myeloid stem cells give us

A

everything but lymphocytes

44
Q

lymphoid stem cells give us

A

ONLY lymphocytes

45
Q

associations with leukopenia

A

hiv, chemo, or radiation

46
Q

general function of wbc

A

defend against pathogens, remove wastes, remove abnormal cells like parasites

47
Q

characteristics of wbc

A

migrate out of blood, amoeboid movement, use positive chemotaxis, can be phagocytes except for basophils

48
Q

structure of wbc

A

no hemoglobin, have nuclei and organelles, bigger than rbc

49
Q

colony stimulating factors

A

m-csf: monocytes
g-csf: N,E, B
gm-csf: M,N,E,B
multi-csf: rbc, platelets, M,N,E,B

50
Q

what is the universal donor and universal receiver

A

donor- O-
receiver- AB+

51
Q

hemoglobin structure

A

4 protein sub units- bind to co2
4 heme molecules
4 iron ions- bind to o2

52
Q

general function of wbc

A

neutrophils- phagocytes increase inflammation
lymphocytes- specific acquired immunity: b cells, nk cells, t cells
monocytes- become macrophages, powerful phagocytes
eosinophils- decrease inflammation, increase in allergic reactions and parasitic infections
basophils- release histamine increases inflammation. release heparin prevents blood clots

53
Q

in the vascular phase of hemostasis what hormone is present

A

endothelins

54
Q

in the vascular phase of hemostasis what happens

A

cause constriction of the vessels. plasma gets sticky

55
Q

in the coagulation phase of hemostasis what happens

A

a chemical reaction leads to the production of a fibrin clot

56
Q

thrombopoiesis platelet production occurs

A

hemocytoblasts> myeloid stem cells> megakaryocytes> platelets

57
Q

platelet production is stimulated by

A

multi csf and thrombopoiesin

58
Q

the path of blood thru heart

A

right atrium- deoxygenated blood goes in to go to ventricle
right ventricle-pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs
left atrium- receives oxygenated blood
to go to ventricle
left ventricle- pumps oxygenated blood to body

59
Q

right atrioventricular valves

A

tricuspid valve prevents blood going back into the atrium from ventricle. has 3 cusps.

60
Q

left atrioventricular valve

A

bicuspid valve prevents blood from going back into atrium from ventricle. has 3 cusps

61
Q

right semi lunar valves

A

pulmonary semi lunar valve at the base of the vessels leading from right ventricle to the pulmonary trunk prevents back flow to the right ventricle

62
Q

left semi lunar valve

A

aortic semi lunar valve at the base of the vessel leading from the left ventricle to the aorta prevents back flow from the left ventricle

63
Q

desmosomes of myocardium

A

secure adjacent cell membranes together

64
Q

gap junctions of myocardium

A

allow ions to pass cell to cell to transfer action potential

65
Q

what is S1 of the heart

A

the atrioventricular valve closing during ventricular systole (contraction)

66
Q

what is S2 of the heart

A

when the semilunar valves close during ventricular diastole (relaxation)

67
Q

heart murmur

A

gurgling sound if the valves don’t close correctly

68
Q

gap junction

A

linked together with these to allow ions flow directly form one cell to the other to transfer action potential

69
Q

what is the conduction system of heart

A

electrical system

70
Q

what stimulates cardiac muscles to contract

A

influx of sodium ions

71
Q

sa

A
72
Q

sa node

A

spontaneously stimulated, starts every stimulus. basic pace maker, it gets depolarized

73
Q

path of stimulus

A

sa node> thru atria > av node> av bundle (septum)> bundle branches>purkinje fibers> myocardium of ventricles

74
Q

where is action potential delayed in the heart and why

A

av node so it gives time for atria to contract

75
Q

purkinje fibers

A

passes the stimulus thru the myocardium of the ventricles at the bottom of the heart

76
Q

what measures the electrical events in the heart

A

electrocardiogram

77
Q

on ekg the stimulation of the atria, contraction, depolarization

A

p wave

78
Q

on ekg the stimulation of the ventricles( the up and down), contraction, depolarization

A

qrs complex

79
Q

on ekg the repolarization of the ventricles, relaxation

A

t wave

80
Q

sympathetic neurons in cardiac center of brain release this to do this

A

epinephrine to increase heart rate

81
Q

parasympathetic neurons in cardiac center of brain release this to do what to heart rate

A

AcH to decrease heart rate

82
Q

the maximum volume of ventricles when it is full, at relaxation

A

end diastolic volume

83
Q

the minimum volume in ventricles left over after the contraction

A

end systolic volume

84
Q

edv - esv =?
100ml= edv
30ml= esv

A

stroke volume
70mp

85
Q

the amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in 1 minute. give an equation

A

cardiac output
hr * sv = co

86
Q

when sodium channels open and rapidly enter cell making it less negative

A

rapid depolarization phase

87
Q

when sodium in pumped of the gel and calcium is let into the cell as voltage stays the same

A

plateau phase

88
Q

the phase where potassium flows out of the cell making it more negative

A

repolarization

89
Q

regular capillaries

A

continuous capillaries

90
Q

pores in the endothelial lining of capillaries

A

fenestrated capillaries

91
Q

very permeable capillaries that occur in bone marrow etc. gaps between endothelial cells

A

sinusoids

92
Q

special continuous capillaries have this

A

tight junctions between endothelial cells, this occurs in blood brain barrier

93
Q

capillaries only have what

A

tunica intima

94
Q

primary pressure that pushes out of the blood, also called filtration

A

capillary hydrostatic pressure

95
Q

primary pressure that pulls back into the bloodstream in capillaries

A

blood osmotic pressure, reabsorption

96
Q

what is the main cause of blood osmotic pressure

A

plasma proteins

97
Q

what is the main association with capillary hydrostatic pressure

A

blood pressure

98
Q

accumulation of interstitial fluid that causes swelling, bc of starvation, tissue damage, increased blood pressure, blood clots, heart failure, liver failure

A

edema

99
Q

removal of lymph nodes

A

lymphedema

A and P (15 decks)

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