Final Exam :) Flashcards
what does blood plasma contain
it is mostly water plasma proteins, and dissolved solutes
what is it called if a patient has a blood pH less than 7.35
acidosis
what is it called if a patient has a blood ph greater than 7.45
alkalosis
what is the normal ph of blood
it is more alkaline in the range of 7.35-7.45
a single hemoglobin molecule can carry up to how many oxygen molecules
4
what are the formed elements of blood
red blood cells-99.9
white blood cells
platelets
hemopoiesis
the process of producing formed elements by myeloid and lymphoid stem cells
what is the technical term of formed elements
erythrocytes
leukocytes
thrombocytes
what is the major function of erythrocytes
transporting both respiratory gasses (oxygen and carbon dioxide)
what are the main symptoms of liver failure, blocked bile duct, or hepatitis
develop jaundice due to bilirubin buildup
what blood test gives the percentage of whole blood contributed by formed elements (mostly rbc) the volume
hematocrit
what is the test to see more specific count on blood (wbc). complete blood count
differential
what are the white blood cells
granulocytes:
neutrophil
eosinophil
basophil
agranulocytes:
lymphocyte
monocyte
what are the percentages of wbc
neutrophil-60-70%
lymphocytes- 25-35%
monocytes- 3-8%
eosinophil- 2-4%
basophil- <.5%
technical terms of low and high count rbc
low-anemia
high- erythrocytosis/polycythemia (inflammation)
technical terms of low and high platelet count
low- thrombocytopenia
high-thrombocytosis (at risk for heat attacks and strokes)
technical terms of low medium and high count of wbc
low- leukopenia (severe infection)
moderate increase- leukocytosis (regular infection)
very high- leukemia (cancer in bone marrow)
erythropoietin hormone (5)
its released from the kidneys
released when there’s a decrease blood flow or oxygen delivery to kidneys
it’s released during anemia
stimulates red blood cell production
most common wbc in a healthy individual
neutrophil
thrombocytopenia shows symptoms
patient may experience bleeding and have a count less than 150.000 cells/microliter of blood
coagulation ultimately results in the formation of what insoluble protein
fibrin
major difference between plasma and interstitial fluid
plasma has plasma proteins
the function of hemoglobin
bind and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood
red blood cell removal characteristics
worn out rbc are removed by macrophages
subunits are broken down and their amino acids are recycled
heme is broken down into biliverdin then bilirubin which is waste
hemoglobinuria occurs if rbc are not removed properly
what’s the difference between red blood cells and hemoglobin
hemoglobin is a protein within red blood cells. they are just a component.
how is iron removed from red blood cells
transferrin to get recycled
the production of red blood cells requires
amino acids
vitamin b6
iron
b12
folic acid
where are plasma proteins made
made in the liver
what is red blood cell production called and where does it happen
erythropoiesis in the bone marrow
what stimulates erythropoiesis
erythropoietin and multi-csf
hemolytic disease of new born can occur in what blood type combo
Eh neg mom, Rh positive baby
what cells originate at lymphoid stem cells
lymphocytes
what white blood cells increase inflammation
neutrophils and basophils
neutrophils
cause inflammation
and the first to attack bacteria
engulf and digest pathogens
what enzyme converts fibrinogen to fibrin
thrombin
what coagulation pathway leads to activation of factor x
intrinsic pathway and extrinsic pathway
factor 3 is important to what coagulation pathway
extrinsic pathway
the platelet phase of hemostasis is the formation of what
platelet plug
multi csf
stimulates production of all blood cells except lymphocytes
the structure of rbc
contain hemoglobin, small disks, biconcave, flexible membrane, no nucleus or organelles, high surface to volume ratio, form stacks called rouleaux
what do subunits get recycled as
amino acids and released into blood
stem cells of red blood cells
hemocytoblast>myeloid stem cells>erythrocytes
myeloid stem cells give us
everything but lymphocytes
lymphoid stem cells give us
ONLY lymphocytes
associations with leukopenia
hiv, chemo, or radiation
general function of wbc
defend against pathogens, remove wastes, remove abnormal cells like parasites
characteristics of wbc
migrate out of blood, amoeboid movement, use positive chemotaxis, can be phagocytes except for basophils
structure of wbc
no hemoglobin, have nuclei and organelles, bigger than rbc
colony stimulating factors
m-csf: monocytes
g-csf: N,E, B
gm-csf: M,N,E,B
multi-csf: rbc, platelets, M,N,E,B
what is the universal donor and universal receiver
donor- O-
receiver- AB+
hemoglobin structure
4 protein sub units- bind to co2
4 heme molecules
4 iron ions- bind to o2
general function of wbc
neutrophils- phagocytes increase inflammation
lymphocytes- specific acquired immunity: b cells, nk cells, t cells
monocytes- become macrophages, powerful phagocytes
eosinophils- decrease inflammation, increase in allergic reactions and parasitic infections
basophils- release histamine increases inflammation. release heparin prevents blood clots
in the vascular phase of hemostasis what hormone is present
endothelins
in the vascular phase of hemostasis what happens
cause constriction of the vessels. plasma gets sticky
in the coagulation phase of hemostasis what happens
a chemical reaction leads to the production of a fibrin clot
thrombopoiesis platelet production occurs
hemocytoblasts> myeloid stem cells> megakaryocytes> platelets
platelet production is stimulated by
multi csf and thrombopoiesin
the path of blood thru heart
right atrium- deoxygenated blood goes in to go to ventricle
right ventricle-pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs
left atrium- receives oxygenated blood
to go to ventricle
left ventricle- pumps oxygenated blood to body
right atrioventricular valves
tricuspid valve prevents blood going back into the atrium from ventricle. has 3 cusps.
left atrioventricular valve
bicuspid valve prevents blood from going back into atrium from ventricle. has 3 cusps
right semi lunar valves
pulmonary semi lunar valve at the base of the vessels leading from right ventricle to the pulmonary trunk prevents back flow to the right ventricle
left semi lunar valve
aortic semi lunar valve at the base of the vessel leading from the left ventricle to the aorta prevents back flow from the left ventricle
desmosomes of myocardium
secure adjacent cell membranes together
gap junctions of myocardium
allow ions to pass cell to cell to transfer action potential
what is S1 of the heart
the atrioventricular valve closing during ventricular systole (contraction)
what is S2 of the heart
when the semilunar valves close during ventricular diastole (relaxation)
heart murmur
gurgling sound if the valves don’t close correctly
gap junction
linked together with these to allow ions flow directly form one cell to the other to transfer action potential
what is the conduction system of heart
electrical system
what stimulates cardiac muscles to contract
influx of sodium ions
sa
sa node
spontaneously stimulated, starts every stimulus. basic pace maker, it gets depolarized
path of stimulus
sa node> thru atria > av node> av bundle (septum)> bundle branches>purkinje fibers> myocardium of ventricles
where is action potential delayed in the heart and why
av node so it gives time for atria to contract
purkinje fibers
passes the stimulus thru the myocardium of the ventricles at the bottom of the heart
what measures the electrical events in the heart
electrocardiogram
on ekg the stimulation of the atria, contraction, depolarization
p wave
on ekg the stimulation of the ventricles( the up and down), contraction, depolarization
qrs complex
on ekg the repolarization of the ventricles, relaxation
t wave
sympathetic neurons in cardiac center of brain release this to do this
epinephrine to increase heart rate
parasympathetic neurons in cardiac center of brain release this to do what to heart rate
AcH to decrease heart rate
the maximum volume of ventricles when it is full, at relaxation
end diastolic volume
the minimum volume in ventricles left over after the contraction
end systolic volume
edv - esv =?
100ml= edv
30ml= esv
stroke volume
70mp
the amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in 1 minute. give an equation
cardiac output
hr * sv = co
when sodium channels open and rapidly enter cell making it less negative
rapid depolarization phase
when sodium in pumped of the gel and calcium is let into the cell as voltage stays the same
plateau phase
the phase where potassium flows out of the cell making it more negative
repolarization
regular capillaries
continuous capillaries
pores in the endothelial lining of capillaries
fenestrated capillaries
very permeable capillaries that occur in bone marrow etc. gaps between endothelial cells
sinusoids
special continuous capillaries have this
tight junctions between endothelial cells, this occurs in blood brain barrier
capillaries only have what
tunica intima
primary pressure that pushes out of the blood, also called filtration
capillary hydrostatic pressure
primary pressure that pulls back into the bloodstream in capillaries
blood osmotic pressure, reabsorption
what is the main cause of blood osmotic pressure
plasma proteins
what is the main association with capillary hydrostatic pressure
blood pressure
accumulation of interstitial fluid that causes swelling, bc of starvation, tissue damage, increased blood pressure, blood clots, heart failure, liver failure
edema
removal of lymph nodes
lymphedema
