Final Exam :)

Question 1

what does blood plasma contain

Answer 1

it is mostly water plasma proteins, and dissolved solutes

Question 2

what is it called if a patient has a blood pH less than 7.35

Answer 2

acidosis

Question 3

what is it called if a patient has a blood ph greater than 7.45

Answer 3

alkalosis

Question 4

what is the normal ph of blood

Answer 4

it is more alkaline in the range of 7.35-7.45

Question 5

a single hemoglobin molecule can carry up to how many oxygen molecules

Answer 5

4

Question 6

what are the formed elements of blood

Answer 6

red blood cells-99.9
white blood cells
platelets

Question 7

hemopoiesis

Answer 7

the process of producing formed elements by myeloid and lymphoid stem cells

Question 8

what is the technical term of formed elements

Answer 8

erythrocytes
leukocytes
thrombocytes

Question 9

what is the major function of erythrocytes

Answer 9

transporting both respiratory gasses (oxygen and carbon dioxide)

Question 10

what are the main symptoms of liver failure, blocked bile duct, or hepatitis

Answer 10

develop jaundice due to bilirubin buildup

Question 11

what blood test gives the percentage of whole blood contributed by formed elements (mostly rbc) the volume

Answer 11

hematocrit

Question 12

what is the test to see more specific count on blood (wbc). complete blood count

Answer 12

differential

Question 13

what are the white blood cells

Answer 13

granulocytes:
neutrophil
eosinophil
basophil
agranulocytes:
lymphocyte
monocyte

Question 14

what are the percentages of wbc

Answer 14

neutrophil-60-70%
lymphocytes- 25-35%
monocytes- 3-8%
eosinophil- 2-4%
basophil- <.5%

Question 15

technical terms of low and high count rbc

Answer 15

low-anemia
high- erythrocytosis/polycythemia (inflammation)

Question 16

technical terms of low and high platelet count

Answer 16

low- thrombocytopenia
high-thrombocytosis (at risk for heat attacks and strokes)

Question 17

technical terms of low medium and high count of wbc

Answer 17

low- leukopenia (severe infection)
moderate increase- leukocytosis (regular infection)
very high- leukemia (cancer in bone marrow)

Question 18

erythropoietin hormone (5)

Answer 18

its released from the kidneys
released when there’s a decrease blood flow or oxygen delivery to kidneys
it’s released during anemia
stimulates red blood cell production

Question 19

most common wbc in a healthy individual

Answer 19

neutrophil

Question 20

thrombocytopenia shows symptoms

Answer 20

patient may experience bleeding and have a count less than 150.000 cells/microliter of blood

Question 21

coagulation ultimately results in the formation of what insoluble protein

Answer 21

fibrin

Question 22

major difference between plasma and interstitial fluid

Answer 22

plasma has plasma proteins

Question 23

the function of hemoglobin

Answer 23

bind and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood

Question 24

red blood cell removal characteristics

Answer 24

worn out rbc are removed by macrophages
subunits are broken down and their amino acids are recycled
heme is broken down into biliverdin then bilirubin which is waste
hemoglobinuria occurs if rbc are not removed properly

Question 25

what’s the difference between red blood cells and hemoglobin

Answer 25

hemoglobin is a protein within red blood cells. they are just a component.

Question 26

how is iron removed from red blood cells

Answer 26

transferrin to get recycled

Question 27

the production of red blood cells requires

Answer 27

amino acids vitamin b6 iron b12 folic acid

Question 28

where are plasma proteins made

Answer 28

made in the liver

Question 29

what is red blood cell production called and where does it happen

Answer 29

erythropoiesis in the bone marrow

Question 30

what stimulates erythropoiesis

Answer 30

erythropoietin and multi-csf

Question 31

hemolytic disease of new born can occur in what blood type combo

Answer 31

Eh neg mom, Rh positive baby

Question 32

what cells originate at lymphoid stem cells

Answer 32

lymphocytes

Question 33

what white blood cells increase inflammation

Answer 33

neutrophils and basophils

Question 34

neutrophils

Answer 34

cause inflammation and the first to attack bacteria engulf and digest pathogens

Question 35

what enzyme converts fibrinogen to fibrin

Answer 35

thrombin

Question 36

what coagulation pathway leads to activation of factor x

Answer 36

intrinsic pathway and extrinsic pathway

Question 37

factor 3 is important to what coagulation pathway

Answer 37

extrinsic pathway

Question 38

the platelet phase of hemostasis is the formation of what

Answer 38

platelet plug

Question 39

multi csf

Answer 39

stimulates production of all blood cells except lymphocytes

Question 40

the structure of rbc

Answer 40

contain hemoglobin, small disks, biconcave, flexible membrane, no nucleus or organelles, high surface to volume ratio, form stacks called rouleaux

Question 41

what do subunits get recycled as

Answer 41

amino acids and released into blood

Question 42

stem cells of red blood cells

Answer 42

hemocytoblast>myeloid stem cells>erythrocytes

Question 43

myeloid stem cells give us

Answer 43

everything but lymphocytes

Question 44

lymphoid stem cells give us

Answer 44

ONLY lymphocytes

Question 45

associations with leukopenia

Answer 45

hiv, chemo, or radiation

Question 46

general function of wbc

Answer 46

defend against pathogens, remove wastes, remove abnormal cells like parasites

Question 47

characteristics of wbc

Answer 47

migrate out of blood, amoeboid movement, use positive chemotaxis, can be phagocytes except for basophils

Question 48

structure of wbc

Answer 48

no hemoglobin, have nuclei and organelles, bigger than rbc

Question 49

colony stimulating factors

Answer 49

m-csf: monocytes g-csf: N,E, B gm-csf: M,N,E,B multi-csf: rbc, platelets, M,N,E,B

Question 50

what is the universal donor and universal receiver

Answer 50

donor- O- receiver- AB+

Question 51

hemoglobin structure

Answer 51

4 protein sub units- bind to co2 4 heme molecules 4 iron ions- bind to o2

Question 52

general function of wbc

Answer 52

neutrophils- phagocytes increase inflammation lymphocytes- specific acquired immunity: b cells, nk cells, t cells monocytes- become macrophages, powerful phagocytes eosinophils- decrease inflammation, increase in allergic reactions and parasitic infections basophils- release histamine increases inflammation. release heparin prevents blood clots

Question 53

in the vascular phase of hemostasis what hormone is present

Answer 53

endothelins

Question 54

in the vascular phase of hemostasis what happens

Answer 54

cause constriction of the vessels. plasma gets sticky

Question 55

in the coagulation phase of hemostasis what happens

Answer 55

a chemical reaction leads to the production of a fibrin clot

Question 56

thrombopoiesis platelet production occurs

Answer 56

hemocytoblasts> myeloid stem cells> megakaryocytes> platelets

Question 57

platelet production is stimulated by

Answer 57

multi csf and thrombopoiesin

Question 58

the path of blood thru heart

Answer 58

right atrium- deoxygenated blood goes in to go to ventricle right ventricle-pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs left atrium- receives oxygenated blood to go to ventricle left ventricle- pumps oxygenated blood to body

Question 59

right atrioventricular valves

Answer 59

tricuspid valve prevents blood going back into the atrium from ventricle. has 3 cusps.

Question 60

left atrioventricular valve

Answer 60

bicuspid valve prevents blood from going back into atrium from ventricle. has 3 cusps

Question 61

right semi lunar valves

Answer 61

pulmonary semi lunar valve at the base of the vessels leading from right ventricle to the pulmonary trunk prevents back flow to the right ventricle

Question 62

left semi lunar valve

Answer 62

aortic semi lunar valve at the base of the vessel leading from the left ventricle to the aorta prevents back flow from the left ventricle

Question 63

desmosomes of myocardium

Answer 63

secure adjacent cell membranes together

Question 64

gap junctions of myocardium

Answer 64

allow ions to pass cell to cell to transfer action potential

Question 65

what is S1 of the heart

Answer 65

the atrioventricular valve closing during ventricular systole (contraction)

Question 66

what is S2 of the heart

Answer 66

when the semilunar valves close during ventricular diastole (relaxation)

Question 67

heart murmur

Answer 67

gurgling sound if the valves don’t close correctly

Question 68

gap junction

Answer 68

linked together with these to allow ions flow directly form one cell to the other to transfer action potential

Question 69

what is the conduction system of heart

Answer 69

electrical system

Question 70

what stimulates cardiac muscles to contract

Answer 70

influx of sodium ions

Question 71

sa

Question 72

sa node

Answer 72

spontaneously stimulated, starts every stimulus. basic pace maker, it gets depolarized

Question 73

path of stimulus

Answer 73

sa node> thru atria > av node> av bundle (septum)> bundle branches>purkinje fibers> myocardium of ventricles

Question 74

where is action potential delayed in the heart and why

Answer 74

av node so it gives time for atria to contract

Question 75

purkinje fibers

Answer 75

passes the stimulus thru the myocardium of the ventricles at the bottom of the heart

Question 76

what measures the electrical events in the heart

Answer 76

electrocardiogram

Question 77

on ekg the stimulation of the atria, contraction, depolarization

Answer 77

p wave

Question 78

on ekg the stimulation of the ventricles( the up and down), contraction, depolarization

Answer 78

qrs complex

Question 79

on ekg the repolarization of the ventricles, relaxation

Answer 79

t wave

Question 80

sympathetic neurons in cardiac center of brain release this to do this

Answer 80

epinephrine to increase heart rate

Question 81

parasympathetic neurons in cardiac center of brain release this to do what to heart rate

Answer 81

AcH to decrease heart rate

Question 82

the maximum volume of ventricles when it is full, at relaxation

Answer 82

end diastolic volume

Question 83

the minimum volume in ventricles left over after the contraction

Answer 83

end systolic volume

Question 84

edv - esv =? 100ml= edv 30ml= esv

Answer 84

stroke volume 70mp

Question 85

the amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in 1 minute. give an equation

Answer 85

cardiac output hr * sv = co

Question 86

when sodium channels open and rapidly enter cell making it less negative

Answer 86

rapid depolarization phase

Question 87

when sodium in pumped of the gel and calcium is let into the cell as voltage stays the same

Answer 87

plateau phase

Question 88

the phase where potassium flows out of the cell making it more negative

Answer 88

repolarization

Question 89

regular capillaries

Answer 89

continuous capillaries

Question 90

pores in the endothelial lining of capillaries

Answer 90

fenestrated capillaries

Question 91

very permeable capillaries that occur in bone marrow etc. gaps between endothelial cells

Answer 91

sinusoids

Question 92

special continuous capillaries have this

Answer 92

tight junctions between endothelial cells, this occurs in blood brain barrier

Question 93

capillaries only have what

Answer 93

tunica intima

Question 94

primary pressure that pushes out of the blood, also called filtration

Answer 94

capillary hydrostatic pressure

Question 95

primary pressure that pulls back into the bloodstream in capillaries

Answer 95

blood osmotic pressure, reabsorption

Question 96

what is the main cause of blood osmotic pressure

Answer 96

plasma proteins

Question 97

what is the main association with capillary hydrostatic pressure

Answer 97

blood pressure

Question 98

accumulation of interstitial fluid that causes swelling, bc of starvation, tissue damage, increased blood pressure, blood clots, heart failure, liver failure

Answer 98

edema

Question 99

removal of lymph nodes

Answer 99

lymphedema