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A and P > digestive/respiratory test > Flashcards

digestive/respiratory test Flashcards

1
Q

the digestive tract is also called

A

alimentary canal

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2
Q

structure that food passes

A

oral cavity> oropharynx> laryngopharynx> esophagus> stomach> duodenum> jejunum> ilium> cecum> ascend colon> transverse colon> descend colon> sigmoid colon> rectum

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3
Q

the mechanical process in the oral cavity

A

mastication

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4
Q

taking in food

A

ingestion

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5
Q

physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces

A

mechanical digestion

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6
Q

breaking large food molecules into absorbable nutrient molecules. breaking chemical bonds via hydrolysis)

A

chemical reactions

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7
Q

releasing substances into alimentary canal to aid in digestion

A

secretion

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8
Q

releasing wastes into alimentary canal. ex, wastes into bile, defecation.

A

excretion

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9
Q

moving nutrients, vitamins, water, from alimentary canal into circulation

A

absorption

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10
Q

vomiting reflexes or stomach acid to protect body from pathogens/toxins

A

protection

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11
Q

3 pairs of salivary glands

A

parotid, sublingual, and submandibular

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12
Q

salivary amylase initiates the digestion of what compound and where

A

carbohydrates in the mouth, and is deactivated in the stomach acid

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13
Q

2 enzymes in the saliva

A

salivary amylase and lingual lipase

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14
Q

which enzyme begins working in the oral cavity and continues working in the stomach and on what

A

lingual lipase digest lipids mostly in stomach at a ph 3-6

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15
Q

esophageal glands produce what type of secretions and why

A

mucous to lubricate and decrease friction

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16
Q

how is food moved down the esophagus

A

peristalsis in the muscularis externa

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17
Q

what is the function of the lower esophageal sphincter

A

to prevent acidic chyme form entering esophagus from the stomach

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18
Q

semiliquid substance produced by stomach

A

chyme

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19
Q

what cells are present in the gastric glands and what stimulates them

A

g-cells, parietal cells, chief cells, mucous cells are stimulated by ach, histamine, and gastrin

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20
Q

what do g cells produce and the function of product

A

gastrin: stimulates gastric secretion, relaxation of pyloric and ileoceacal sphincters, simulates intestinal motility

21
Q

what do parietal cells produce and products function

A

HCl and intrinsic factor that is needed for the absorption of vitamin b12 in the small intestine

22
Q

what do chief cells produce and function of their product

A

pepsinogen the proenzyme that becomes pepsin when it hits stomach acid digest proteins and gastric lipase digests lipids

23
Q

overall what nutrients get digested in the stomach

A

proteins and lipids. no absorption

24
Q

mucous cells do what

A

produce mucous that covers the interior surface to protect epithelium from acid chyme and digestive enzymes. they come from mucous neck

25
Q

how is HCl secreted from parietal glands

A

parietal cells produce carbonid anhydrase from h2o and co2. h2co3 gets broken down to h+ and hco3-. an anion trade occurs by countertransport cl- through gates and hco3- to interstitial fluid. h+ gets active transport to lumen of gland

26
Q

how does pepsin get activated

A

pepsinogen is released from the chief cells and are only activated by the acidity to become pepsin

27
Q

the mixing bowl of gi tract

A

duodenum, neutralizes acids

28
Q

most chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occurs here

A

jejunum

29
Q

what are villa and their function

A

finger like projections of the mucosa in small intestine to increase surface area

30
Q

what are micro villa

A

tiny projections of plasma membrane of cells to increase surface area

31
Q

what are lacteal

A

they are lymphatic capillaries that absorb lipids and fat soluble vitamins (ADEK). they are super permeable

32
Q

what are brunner glands

A

mucous glands in the duodenum. the secrete an alkaline mucous to protect duodenum from acidity of chyme

33
Q

what brush border enzymes

A

integral membrane proteins in the small intestine. they initially digest materials in contact with the brush border. they digest material in lumen once shed. located on the micro villi

34
Q

what does cck and secretin do

A

stimulate secretions from the pancreas and gallbladder. inhibitors gastrin and cause pyloric sphincter contractions

35
Q

what’s cck do

A

stimulates gallbladder so bile enter’s duodenum

36
Q

which class of enzymes get secreted as inactive pro enzymes

A

proteolytic from pancreas. activated after reaching small intestine

37
Q

pancreatic juice is made by what cells

A

acinar cells

38
Q

what neutralizes chyme

A

pancreatic juice having carbonates in it

39
Q

what organ produces bile, what organ stores it

A

liver, gallbladder

40
Q

how do bile salts aid indigestion digestion

A

emulsify lipids into smaller droplets and provide greater surface area for digestive enzymes

41
Q

sodium transporters absorb what

A

glucose and amino acids

42
Q

What is haustral churning

A

segmentation movement that mixes material in gi tract

43
Q

mass movements in large intestine

A

powerful peristalsic contractions move fecal matter from transverse colon to rectum

44
Q

water reabsorption occurs where

A

cecum to transverse colon

45
Q

vitamins produced in large intestine

A

vitamin k, b5, biotin

46
Q

what breaks down food in large intestine

A

bacteria

47
Q

in large intestine what is NOT produced

A

enzymes

48
Q

water absorption

A

passively through an osmotic gradient

49
Q

how do fatty acids diffuse

A

through cell membrane and eventually packaged into chylomicrons

A and P (15 decks)

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