Final exam Flashcards

1
Q

Define Culture and distinguish various definitions of culture structural

A

customs, beliefs, ideology, world-view, and values common to a group of people and which guide their individual and social behavior.

CLothes dress, manners, jokes, celebrations, folk art, food, childing rearing methods, medical care, religion

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2
Q

What is meant by cultural relativism?

A

not judging a culture to our own standards of what is right or wrong, strange or normal. Instead, we should try to understand cultural practices of other groups in its own cultural context.

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3
Q

define ethnocentrism

A

measuring or judging one’s own culture against another culture and can lead to judging someone else’s culture negatively. Ethnocentrism is also the belief that one’s own cultural rules are the best and often better than another culture’s rules.

An example of ethnocentrism is when you judge other countries for the way they eat, but don’t have a moral reason for this

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4
Q

what is acculturation

A

mutual sharing of culture; groups remain distinct, but certain elements of culture change through exchange

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5
Q

assimilation def

A

cultural uniqueness of minorities is abandoned and members try to blend into the dominant culture

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6
Q

accommodation def

A

partial or selective cultural change/ Non-dominant groups follow norms, rules, and standards of the dominant culture only in specific circumstances and contexts

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7
Q

define social institutions

A

orgainzies rights and duties into statues (social posittoins) and roles. and identify the expoected behaviors for the roels

organize social relations in a particular secotr of social life (family and reglioon)
often persis in face of issues but can eveolve

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8
Q

def social structure

A

set of interrelatted social insititutions developed to impose constraints on interaction for the purpose of the survival and well-being of the colelctiviity
also known as society

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9
Q

be able to identify the functions of the various social institutions

A

government, education, family, religion
Each institution performs two types of social function. (a) primary functions, which are also called manifest, explicit, or direct functions; (b) secondary functions, which are also called indirect, hidden, or latent functions. Through these functions, social institutions fulfill important needs in the society.

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10
Q

what is conservative thesis

A

inequality is the natural, divine order, and no efforts should be made to alter it.

intervention interfferes with a natural process

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11
Q

what is radical antithesis

A

equality is the natural, divine order; inequality is based on abuse of privilege and should be minimized.

intervention can overcome differences in ability

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12
Q

karl marx view

A

class differences based on exploitation and domination by owners of production and alienation among the workers

soical class as a central variable in human behavior and a central force in human history

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13
Q

webers view

A

class division based on “life choices” in the marketplace

life chances reflect distrubtuion of power within a community including economic power social prestige and legal power

life chances fall on a continuum

great variability found along hte continuum relfects multiple sources of power

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14
Q

class consciousness

A

awareness of one’s social class and hostility towards other classes, motivates people to transform society

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15
Q

main thesis of structural determinism

A

human behavior highly determined by one’s social class position

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16
Q

rational perspectives on organizations

A

It assumes organizations can be designed with structures and processes that maximize efficiency and effectiveness, concepts that are highly valued in this perspective.

Efficiency means obtaining a high ratio of output to input, achieving the best outcome from the least investment of resources.

Effectiveness means goal accomplishment.

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17
Q

systems perspective

A

constantly interacting with it mulitple environments

social, poltitical, econmoic, cultural, technological; must adapt to environmental change

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18
Q

interactional/ interpretive perspective

A

organizations provide members with a sense of connection and meaning

process, rather than goals
flexibility, rather than control/reason

diversity or approaches, rahter than one right away

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19
Q

critical perspective

A

views orgainizations as “instruments of explotitation and domination”, where conflicting interest are decided in favor of the most powerful members, who benefit the most

20
Q

decision-making theory

A

organizations, focusing on how decisions of individuals in organizations affect the organization as a whole

21
Q

theory x

A

workers have a inherent dislike of work

workers prefer to be told what to do

workers repsond to money as primary motivator

22
Q

theory y

A

workers see work as a natural activity

wokrers are self-directed when working on prokects to which they are committed

workes seek responsibility when organizational foals are congruent with their needs.
they are more creative contributions to make than organiztations generally allow

23
Q

learning organizations take on rational planning?

A

rational planning is not sufficient for an organization to survive in a rapidly changing environment such as the one in which we live.

Formal organizations must become complex systems capable of constant learning

24
Q

dimensions of work life associated with burnout

A

workload
control
reward
community
fairness
values

25
Q

how political exconmoy mode inform soical service?

A

important issues as which clients to serve, which services to provide, how to organize service provision, and how to define staff and client roles

26
Q

how are systems and interpretive perspectives related

A

Organizations are seen from an interactional/interpretive perspective as social systems, and this viewpoint examines how the system’s various components interact to produce meaning.

This viewpoint focuses on the interactions and communication within the organization

27
Q

why manage diversity model

A

contemporary organizations cannot be successful unless they learn to manage diverse populations. Diversity is a permanent, not transitory, feature of contemporary life.

28
Q

sense of community

A

interdependence
relationship vis communication, helping someone, having someone help you (mutual exchange to fulfill needs)
sense of commanalilities or similarities with others
sense that youre part of a larger reliable group

29
Q

gesllschaft

A

society

relationships are impersonal and contractual

30
Q

gemeinschaft

A

community

relationships are personal and traditional

31
Q

define community structure

A

network of relationships

intitutions

economic factors

political factors

32
Q

horizontal linkages

A

interactions with other members of the community

33
Q

vertical linkage

A

interactions with individuals and systems outside the community

34
Q

bonding social capital

A

inward looking and tends to mobilize solidarity and in group lotalty leads to exclusive identities and homegenous communities

35
Q

briding social capital

A

outward looking and idverse, links community members to assests and informaitn across community boundaries

36
Q

definifn characteristics of social capital?

A

community cohesion
based in social networks
high levels of civic engagement
sense of solidarity and equality among mebers
norms of reciprocity and trustworthiness

37
Q

grographic information systems importnat to sw?

A

fgives spatial distribution of a variety of social data

38
Q

consequences of community with technology

A

less dependantcy loses it

39
Q

define social movement

A

ongoing, large scale, collective efforts to bring about (or resist) social change

40
Q

proactive social movement

A

seek to reform existing social arrangements and try out new ways of cooperating and living together

living wage, occupy wall street, marriage equality

41
Q

reactive social movements

A

seek to defend traditional values and social arrangments

christian/islanic fundamentalist

42
Q

key idea of cultural framing

A

succeeds only when participants develop shared understandings and definitions of the situation

a transactional process of consciousness-raising

43
Q

how does strain theory relate to social movement

A

refers to the strain that society can place on its people, which causes them to be frustrated and motivated to take action.

Without some form of structural strain, people would not feel the need to organize and take action to make a change.

44
Q

when does framing contest result

A

people whom are interested in a specific movement beacuse it appears just and worthy lead

45
Q

encapsulated

A

inward focus
labor unions

46
Q

institutionalization

A

social work

47
Q

factionalization

A

student protest movement 1968