Chapter 5 Flashcards
psychosocial theories
how relationships influence behavior
how a person manages challenges, particularly stress
how relationships are key to successful coping and adaptation
Relational theory
proposes that a central human necessity is the establishment of authentic and mutual connection in a relationship
a basic drive is to form relationships with others
object constancy
refers to our capacity to form trusting attachments
four infant attachment styles
securely: express needs for closeness or attention
disorganized: typically do not attain sense of being cared for
anxious-ambivalent: wants affection and fear rejection
avoidant: reject attachment for fear of rejection
feminism
wide system of ideas regarding advocating for women to support equal rights
Gender feminism
concerned with calues of separatness (for men) and connectedness (for women) and how these lead to a different morality for women
psychoanalytic feminsim
women’s ways of acting are rooted deeply in women’s ways of thinking
differences largely rooted in early childhood relationships (lingering attachment to moms that girls experience and boys don’t)
Naivete
no social consciousness… children curious about different, but don’t see them as inferior or superior
social identity development five stages
Naivete, acceptance, resistance, redefinition, and internalization
acceptance
aware of the distinct ideologies and belief systems of own and other social groups. Accept dominant beliefs (see other beliefs as strange) older child/young teen for some into adulthood
resistance
aware of negative effects of acting on social differences (new experiences challenge assumptions) may develop a new social identity. adolescence and later
redefinition
create new social identity taking pride in origins but seeing differences with others positively
it is when we embrace our heritage as one of many and we don’t think in hierarchical terms
internalization
comfort with revised identity and ability to incorporate it into all aspects of life… ongoing process
multicultural theory
pride toward one’s group should correspond with higher levels of acceptance toward dissimilar groups
ethnic identity
sense of belonging to an ethnic group; part of one’s thinking, perception, feelings, and behavior is due to group membership; dimensions
concept of stress- biological
disturbance in bodily systems
concept of stress- psychological
cognitive and emotional factors involved in the evaluation of a threat
harm: damaging event that has already occurred
threat: event with perceived potential for harm
challenge: event that is appraised as opportunity rather than occasion for alarm
concept of stress- social
the disruption of a social unit
categories of stress
positive
tolerable
toxic
stress is measured in different ways
life events
daily hassles
role strain
stressors can be
biological (major illness)
interpersonal (sudden death or loss of a loved one)
Environmental (unemployment, natural disaster)
crises classified as
developmental- going to college
situational- sexual assault
existential-meaning in life
types of traumatic stress
natural- flood, tornado
technological- nuclear disaster
war and related problems- concentration camps
individual trauma- rape
coping
males- fight or flight
females- tend and befriend
efforts to master demands of stress
adaptation
method of coping that involves adjustments in our biological responses, perceptions, or lifestyle
general adaptation syndrome
alarm: body first becomes aware of a threat
resistance: body attempts to restore homeostasis
exhaustion: body terminates coping efforts cant physically sustain disequilibrium
problem focused coping
change the situation by acting on the environment (confrontation, problem solving)
Emotion-focused coping
change either the way the stressful situation is attended to (by vigilance or distance/escape/avoidance) or the meaning to oneself of what is happening (reappraisal)
Relational coping
actions that increase the likelihood of survival for others and self
Lazarus identified particular behaviors typical of each coping style
problem focused
emotion focused
problem or emotion focused
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
exposure to actual or threatened extreme stressor
persistent reliving of the traumatic event
negative alterations in cognition or mood
social support
interpersonal interactions with others and relationships that provide assistance or feelings of attachment to persons we perceive as caring
material (concrete) support
food, shelter, and clothing
emotional
(interpersonal) support
instrumental support
services by casual contracts
social network
social support and all people one regularly interacts with, patterns of interaction that result from exchanging resources
main effect model
dont perceive as many threats
buffering model
redefines potential for harm
medical or psychiatric perspective
focuses on underlying disturbances within the person
called the disease model of abnormality. treatments or interventions focus on changing the individual
psychological perspectives
emphasizes various cognitive, behavioral, or reflective interventions
people normally progress through a sequence of life stages e.g. Erikson’s psychosocial development
sociological approach-deviance
those who cannot constrain behaviors within role limitations that are acceptable to toehrs become labeled as deviant (positive or negative)
Social work perspective (PIE) social functioning
does not classify individuals as “abnormal”
considered person-in-ennvironment as ongoing process that facilitates or blocks one’s ability to experience satisfactory social functioning
