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Social Work > chapter 8 > Flashcards

chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

what are norms?

A

culturally defined standards of conduct

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2
Q

The challenge of defining culture
view of culture presented

A

social differences
human variation
inequality
subjugation
oppression

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3
Q

preliminary definition of culture

A

a set of common understandings, manifest in act and artifact

customs, laws, dress, architectural style, social standards, and traditions are all examples of cultural elements

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4
Q

Enlightenment
historicial tradition- intellectual orientations

A

rank by logic, reason, technology

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5
Q

romantic
historical traditions- intellectual orientations

A

all people/cultures are relatively equal

charge of ‘political correctness’ by some but not about app;ying different standards to different people

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6
Q

biological determinism

A

the attempt to differentiate social behavior largely on the basis of biological and genetic endowment

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7
Q

cultural relativism (romantic)

A

just differences in culture that reflect different frameworks of meaning and understanding and thus results in different lifestyles and ways of living

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8
Q

human agency

A

is central in terms of the debate about the extent to which individuals have the power to influence culture vs be shpaed by it; agency (voluntarism) vs structure (determinsim)

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9
Q

materialist perspective

A

emphasis on environment, technology, and economy’s role in creating, maintaining, and changing culture

marxism
neo-marxist critical theory
cultural ecology

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10
Q

mentalist perspective

A

create, maintain, and cha ge culture based on their beliefs, values, language, and symbolic representations

interpretive antropology
culturalism
structuralism
post-structuralism
post-modernism

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11
Q

what are 3 major culture types

A

traditional culture
modern culture
postmodernism

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12
Q

traditional culture

A

pre modern culture
preindustrial societies based on subsistence agriculture

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13
Q

modern culture

A

characterized by rationality, industrialization, urbanization, and capitalism of the 20th century

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14
Q

postmodernism

A

contemporary culture characterized by global electronic communications

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15
Q

practice orientation

A

wants t pexplain what poepel do; how do social systems shape values, beliefs, and behavior; how do people perpetuate or change culture

history
soical structure
human agency

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16
Q

history

A

includes chains of events and experiences to which people react…. ‘choices’ made by people but within unchosen constraints

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17
Q

structure

A

ordered forms and systems of human behavior in public life
(capitalism, kinship, public education)

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18
Q

Human agency

A

people are participants, capable of exercising theirs will to shape their lives (not merely puppets)

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19
Q

values

A

beliefs about what is important or unimportant, desirable or undesirable, and right or wrong (normative)

not shared by all

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20
Q

ideology

A

set of shared beliefs that explain the social world and guide people’s actions, especially in relation to economic and political theory and policy

how the ways things are or should work

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21
Q

symbols

A

something that stands for something else
in baptism, water stands for something sacred and holy

verbal (language) nonverbal (standing for national anthem) artifact (flag)

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22
Q

language

A

system of words or signs used to express thoughts and feelings

types- spoken, written, nonverbal

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23
Q

norms

A

culturally defined standards of conduct/behavior reinforced sanctions
folkways- desirable behavior, not strictly enforced
mores- hold moral siginigance, more important

24
Q

subculture

A

involve poeple who accept much of the dominant culture but distinguish themselves by one or more culturally significant characterisitics

25
Q

counterculture

A

differs in significant ways from dominant culture, also rejects norms and values of the larger culture
amish, Ku Klux Klan

26
Q

ideal culture vs real culture

A

ideal: values and practices that are considered desirable
real: what people actually think and do
may not be realized; ignored

27
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

belief that one’s own culture is normal, natural, and superior to othercultures
creates misunderstandings

28
Q

cultural relativism

A

calls t osuspend judgement of other cultural values and practices in order to undersand them in their own cultural context

don’t need to accept or agree with cultural practices- it’s about underssntading them and being self-reflective

29
Q

cultural humility

A

an individual’s culture has pros and cons too; other cultures should not be judged

30
Q

prejudice

A

unjustifiable negative thoughts or attitudes about another person/group

31
Q

stereotypes

A

general characteristics ascribed to a group of people

32
Q

implicit bias

A

unconscious positive or negative attitudes for one group over another

33
Q

xenophobia

A

fear/hatred of foreigners of foreign things (often the result of ethnocentrism)

patriotism vs nationalism

34
Q

power

A

ability to act in a chosen way and to direct or influence the behavior of others
can create an imbalance between groups when power is not equal

35
Q

hegemony

A

ability of a dominant group to obtain consent and agreement to cultural values and norms without use or threat of force
critical theory perspective

36
Q

race

A

systems of classification using certain physical characteristics to divide people into supposedly discrete groups
system is flawed
no genetically distinct groups of people

37
Q

ethnicity

A

sense of cultural, histroical, and ancestral connection to a group of people

38
Q

ethnic identity

A

part of identity derived from one’s sense of being part of an ethnic group

39
Q

assimilation

A

minority groups/immigrants expected to adipt new culture’s norm

40
Q

mulitcultiralism

A

minority groups/ immigrants retain original ethnic culture and pick up new culture

41
Q

ethnic cleansing

A

ridding area of minorities

42
Q

gender

A

culturally created
sex is biologically determined
intersex: individuals with bodies not clearly female or male
male and female stereotypes contribute to gender

43
Q

social class

A

based on wealth, income, and social position which produces unequal access to resources

44
Q

culture of poverty

A

poverty creates beliefs, values, and behaviors that reingorce pverty despite economic improvements

45
Q

redlining

A

denying loans to minorities in certain areas for racist reasons

46
Q

Disability and three types of models

A

what is seen as a disability is culturally influenced

traditional model
medical model
social model

47
Q

traditional model

A

seen as unfortunate or damaged; solution is to isolate or segregate them

48
Q

medical model

A

seen as having a medical condition; solution is to isolate or segregate them

49
Q

social model

A

environment creates the perception of impairment; solution is to fix the environment

50
Q

innovation

A

new idea, tool, or method
primary- creation, invention, or chance discovery
secondary- new application or modification of something old

51
Q

diffusion

A

how ideas, tools, and methods spread

52
Q

cultural loss

A

existing tool, idea, or method is lost

53
Q

Assimilation

A

cultural uniqueness of minorities is abandoned and members try to blend into the dominant culture

54
Q

accommodation

A

partial or selective cultural change. Non-dominant groups follow norms, rules, and standards of the dominant culture only in specific circumstances and contexts

55
Q

acculturation

A

mutual sharing of culture; groups remain distinct, but certain elements of culture change through exchange

56
Q
A

Social Work (15 decks)

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