FINAL EXAM Flashcards
______ and _______ do not show all biological characteristics of life
viruses, prions
3 domains are…
Archea
Bacteria
Eukarya
- Protista
- Fungi
- Animalia
- Plantae
Taxonomy classifications are after Domains…
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Compound is ______ whereas a molecule is _________
compound consists of two or more DIFFERENT molecules
molecule is two of the same
Chemical bonds strenth (strongest to weakest)
Covalent
Ionic
Hydrogen
Hydrophobic interactions
Van-der-waals interactions
Electronegative atoms are ____ and not electronegative atoms are___
Electronegative: O,N,S
Not electronegative: H,C
Hydrogen bonds only occur with
polar molecules
Van der waals interaction
atoms with nonpolar covalent bonds sometimes exhibit random charge, and these charges if close enough attracted to each other
Polar molecules are _______ and nonpolar molecules are ________
polar = hydrophilic
nonpolar = hydrophobic
Hydrophobic interaction
hydrophobic molecules in water tend to draw together because of mutual hatred of polar water
calculation of grams using MW, L, M, equation is
MW x L x M = g
Acids are…..bases are…
acids = proton (H+) donors
bases = proton (H+) acceptors
increasing H+ ion concentration…
decreases pH, because more H+ means more acidic
Decreasing H+ ion concentration…
increases pH, less H+ ions so more basic, basic is accepting H+ and getting rid of them so theres less
functional groups are
groups of atoms COVALENTLY bonded to a group of carbon skeletons
AMINO GROUP
- NH2
- full (+)
- polar
- functions as base
amino acids, nitrogenous bases
CARBOXYL GROUP
- COOH
- full (-)
- polar
- (Carbonyl and Hydroxyl group)
acids/organic acids (proton donors)
PHOSPHATE GROUP
- PO4
- full (-)
- polar
nucleic acids, some carbs
SULFATE GROUP
- SO4
- full (-)
- polar
carbs, proteins, lipids
CARBONYL GROUPS
- CO
- partial (-)(+)
- polar
aldehyde = terminal end (glucose)
ketone = internal/middle (fructose)
carbohydrates
HYDROXYL GROUPS
- OH
- partial (-)(+)
- polar
alcohols
METHYL GROUPS
- CH3
- nonpolar
organic molecules
SULFHYDRAL GROUP
- SH
- nonpolar
thiols, two amino acids, 3D shape of organic molecules (proteins forming disulfide bridge)
isomer
same molecular formula, different arrangment
Carbohydrates
one carbonyl, many hydroxyl
sometimes phosphate
short term energy storage, structural units
Lipids
nonpolar, mostly hydrogens attached to C chain
saturated = single bonds, straight
unsaturated = 1+ double bonds, bent
glycerol = 3C + Hydroxyl on each
triglycerides = long term energy storage
Proteins
Amino, carboxyl, R group, H
receptors, antibodies, storage, structural, transport
primary = linear amino acids
secondary = repeated amino+carboxyl (H)
tertiary = 3D peptide shape (all bonds)
quarternary = 3D overall protein (all but covalent)
Nucleic Acids
pentose sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base
