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Biology 224 > Chapter 6, Introduction to Energy, Enzymes, Metabolism > Flashcards

Chapter 6, Introduction to Energy, Enzymes, Metabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

Metabolism is

A

the total chemical activity of a living organism

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2
Q

3 types of energy

A
  • kinetic, potential, chemical
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3
Q

Kinetic energy

A

type possessed by moving objets

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4
Q

Potential Energy

A

type possessed because of location/position or arrangment

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5
Q

Chemical Energy

A

form of potential energy stored in molecules because of their arrangement of atoms (stored in chemical bonds)

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6
Q

First law of thermodynamins

A

energy neither created or destroyed, but can be converted from one form to another

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7
Q

Second law of thermodynamics

A

In any energy conversion, some energy is lost (becomes less usable) from doing work, so entropy (measure of disorder) increases

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8
Q

Metabolic pathways are

A

a series of chemical reactions

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9
Q

Catabolic reactions

A

larger molecules BROKEN DOWN into smaller ones with the release of potential chemical energy

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10
Q

Catabolic reaction are _________

A

exergonic

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11
Q

Anabolic Reactions

A

smaller molecules are built into larger ones with the input of potential chemical energy

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12
Q

Anabolic reactions are _______

A

endergonic

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13
Q

Metabolism = _________ + _______

A

catabolism + anabolism

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14
Q

Exergonic reaction occur ____________

A

spontaneously, have lot of energy

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15
Q

Endergonic reactions do not occur

A

spontaneously , must built up energy to happen

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16
Q

Enthalpy is the

A

total chemical energy of a molecule

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17
Q

Enthalpy equation

A

H = G+TS
H= enthalpy
G = free energy = usable energy available for cellular work
S = Entropy = the unusable energy
T = absolute temp = K

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18
Q

In a chemical reaction, one molecule with a certain ___________ is converted into another with different __________

A

enthalpy

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19
Q

Gibbs free energy is

A

difference in enthalpy between reaction’s products and reactants

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20
Q

Formula for Gibbs free Energy =

A

Enthalpy (products)-Enthalpy (reactants)

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21
Q

Gibbs free energy formula determines whether reaction will…

A

occur spontaneously, determines direction of reaction

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22
Q

Chemical Equilibrium is…

A

point in reversible chemical reaction at which there is no net change in the concentration of reactants or products

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23
Q

Chemical Equilibrium constant is

A

Ke

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24
Q

Ke =

A

Ke = [products]/[reactants]

[] = concentration of…

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25
Q

Exergonic Reactions are

A

spontaneous

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26
Q

Formula for Exergonic Reactions

A

Reactants <–> Products + Energy

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27
Q

(change in)G =

A

Enthalpy(products) - Enthalpy (reactants)

28
Q

Exergonic reactions (change in) G is the

A

smaller number - larger number

29
Q

You will gave a ____ G value in exergonic because

A

NEGATIVE, products have less enthalpy than reactants because energy was given off

30
Q

Because its exergonic reaction (spontaneous), it produces…

A

a lot of product

31
Q

So the Ke value will be…

A

[large #]/[small#] = value >1

32
Q

Formula for Endergonic Reactions

A

Reactants + Energy <–> Product

33
Q

Change in G will be a _____ number in endergonic

A

positive

34
Q

change in G positive beacuse

A

energy input, products have more enthalpy than reactants

35
Q

Reaction is endergonic and requires energy, so…

A

little product produced

36
Q

Ke value in endergonic will be…

A

[small#]/[large#]= value <1

37
Q

REVIEW PRACTICE PROBLEMS ON SLIDES 17-31, WATCH LECTURE

A

REVIEW PRACTICE PROBLEMS ON SLIDES 17-31, WATCH LECTURE

38
Q

ATP is

A

Transferring Energy in cells

39
Q

ATP/ADP cycle formula is

A

ATP+H2O –> ADP + PO4-

40
Q

(change in)G of ATP is

A

-7.3 kcal/mole (exergonic)

41
Q

Why is there so much energy in ATP

A

negative phosphate groups repel one another, enormous amount of energy needed to keep same charges help together, all energy released when bonds are broken

42
Q

Major function of ATP is to

A

couple exergonic and endergonic reactions

43
Q

Enzymes are

A

biological catalysts

44
Q

A catalyst is

A

a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without itself being used up

45
Q

Enzymes are _____ catalysts that speed up _________ reactions

A

protein, biochemical

46
Q

Enzymes ______ molecules to facilitate the reaction

A

orient

47
Q

Activation energy is

A

small amount of energy which must be supplied before chemical reactions will occur

48
Q

Active site is

A

where the substrate is bound and the reaction is catalyzed

49
Q

Competitive Inhibition occurs when inhibitor molecule is….

A

shaped very much like the substrate

50
Q

In competitive inhibition, the competitive inhibitor…

A

binds to and blocks the active site, so it shuts down regular function

51
Q

Noncompetitive inhibitor occurs when inhibitor…

A

bind to separate (inhibition/allosteric) site, changing the shape of the enzyme to an inactive conformation shape, which does not allow substrate to bind

52
Q

The inhibition site in noncompetitive inhibitor is called

A

allosteric site

53
Q

Additional factors that influence enzyme function are (3)

A
  • prosthetic groups
  • cofactors
  • coenzymes
54
Q

Prosthetic groups are …

A

small molecules permanently attached to enzymes that aid in catalysis (acceleration of reaction)

55
Q

Cofactors are…

A
  • inorganic ions the bind to enzyme temporarily and promote chemical reactions
  • usually act as temporary electron acceptor/donor
56
Q

Coenzymes are…

A

inorganic molecules that bind to enzyme temporarily and participate in/enhance reaction

57
Q

Many coenzymes are derived from ________ necessary to our diet

A

vitamens

58
Q

Coenzyme _____ used to pick up electron temporarily before giving them to another enzyme, very important in _______ _______

A

NAD+, cellular respiration

59
Q

Metabolism (Metabolic Pathways) is a series of chemical reactions where…

A

the products of one reaction is the reactant for the next

60
Q

Rate limiting Reaction is…

A
  • slowest reaction, limit overall rate of metabolic pathway, usually located at front of pathway, also called negative feedback
61
Q

Feedback Inhibition occurs when

A

product from end of metabolic pathway acts as a noncompetitive inhibitor, stopping the whole reaction by stopping enzyme #1 in the pathway

62
Q

Enzymatic (Protein) Denaturation occurs when

A

shape of enzyme is permanently altered, destroying its catalytic activity , must re-make protein from scratch

63
Q

Denaturing agents (5)

A
  • heat
  • strong acids
  • strong bases
  • highly charged ions
  • heavy metals
64
Q

A Ligand is

A

any molecule that binds to a receptor

65
Q

Types of ligands include

A

substrate, inhibitor

66
Q
A

Biology 224 (18 decks)

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