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Biology 224 > EXAM 5 - Chapter 15, Simple Patterns of Inheritance > Flashcards

EXAM 5 - Chapter 15, Simple Patterns of Inheritance Flashcards

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1
Q

The laws of inheritance were first described by

A

Gregor Mendel

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2
Q

Gregor Mendel was a

A

Roman Catholic Monk in Austria-Hungry (1800s)

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3
Q

Lots of experiments…

A

had been performed and reported prior to Mendel

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4
Q

Mendel, after failing a test…

A

for a teaching certificate, was sent to the Univ. of Vienna to study math and science

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5
Q

He learned a _______ approach

A

quantitative

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6
Q

Mendel used…

A

the ratio of the different types of offspring to predict how genes were inherited

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7
Q

This was before…

A

a good understanding of Mitosis and Meiosis

didnt know what genes were, Mendel actually discovered Meiosis for the first time

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8
Q

Gene

A

a section of DNA that codes for a particular trait

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9
Q

Allele

A

variable form of a gene

for example, white and purple colored, same type but different allele

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10
Q

Homozygous

A

2 copies of a gene (alleles) in a diploid organism are the SAME

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11
Q

Heterozygous

A

2 copies of a gene (alleles) in a diploid organism are DIFFERENT

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12
Q

Gentotype

A

genetic makeup of an individual

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13
Q

Phenotype

A

physical expression of that genotype

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14
Q

dominant

A

one allele expressed in a heterozygote

capital letter

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15
Q

recessive

A

allele not expressed in a heterozygote, only expressed when trait is two copies of recessive

lowercase letter

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16
Q

Mendels Monohybrid cross ..

A

Tall plants (TT) x Dwarf plants (tt)

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17
Q

(Monohybrid Cross) Parental Genotypes

A

TT x tt

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18
Q

(Monohybrid Cross) gamete types of each parents

A

T t

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19
Q

(Monohybrid Cross) means

A

dealing with one trait at a time

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20
Q

Tall is…short is…

A

dominant, recessive

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21
Q

The plants are…

A

diploid, each has TT and tt

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22
Q

(Monohybrid Cross) genotypic ratio…

A

all heterozygous (Tt)

not rly ratio, would be 1:0 since 100% hetero and 0% anything else

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23
Q

(Monohybrid Cross) phenotypic ratio

A

all tall

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24
Q

For the punnett sqaure…

A

outside square = meiosis
inside square = fertilization

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25
Q

After monohybrid cross…

A

crossed the two heterozygotes (still monohybrid cross)

allowed F1’s to self pollinate

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26
Q

(Heterozygous Cross, still monohybrid) parental genotypes…

A

Tt x Tt

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27
Q

(Heterozygous Cross, still monohybrid) Gamete Type..

A

T,t T,t

can have T and t sperm
and T and t egg
can make two types of gametes

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28
Q

Punnett square for heterozygotes

A

put down gamete types (meiosis) on outside of square, female on left, male on top

Then fill in punnett square (fertilization)

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29
Q

For heterozygous cross, genotypic ratio…

A

1:2:1

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30
Q

genotypic ratio ALWAYS written in order…

A

homo dominance, hetero, hetero/homo recessive

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31
Q

for heterozygous cross, phenotypic ratio..

A

3:1

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32
Q

Mendels first law ________ was…

A

(of segregation)…
-adults are diploid (have 2 copies/alleles of each gene
- the 2 copies of each gene segregate one to each gamete
- fertilization restores the diploid number

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33
Q

Individuals with dominant phenotype can..

A

have either of the 2 genotypes which are TT, or Tt

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34
Q

To determine the genotype of an individual with dominant phenotype…

A

cross with a homo recessive

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35
Q

if test individual is homo dominant (TT)…

A

All offspring will be dominant meaning tall after crossing with homo recessive (tt)

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36
Q

If test individual is hetero (Tt)…

A

phenotypic ratio would be 1:1 with two being tall (Tt) and then two being small (tt)

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37
Q

This testing is just…

A

an application of what Mendels is already saying

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38
Q

Mendels Dihybrid cross means…

A

tracking two genes at once, to see how genes are related, are tall plants always white? can tall be white or purple?

**have 4 alleles because each have 2 alleles, diploid, 2 from each

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39
Q

(Dihybrid) parental genotypes

A

YYRR x yyrr

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40
Q

the dominant genes are…and the recessive are…

A

dominant = yellow and round
recessive = green and wrinkled

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41
Q

(Dihybrid) gamete types

A

Y,R and y,r

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42
Q

(Dihybrid) if put in punnet sqaure…

A

100% will be YyRr, heterozygous for shape and color

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43
Q

(Dihybrid)All offspring…

A

are heterozygous yellow and heterozygous round seeded

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44
Q

Next experiment is…

A

two of these double hetero are crossed (dihybrid hetero)

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45
Q

(dihybrid hetero) parental genotypes

A

YyRr x YyRr

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46
Q

(dihybrid hetero) all possible gamete types

A

TY, Yr, yR, yr , 4 kinds of eggs, 4 kinds of sperm

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47
Q

(dihybrid hetero) After punnet sqaure is made…

A

9:3:3:1

9 Yellow round
3 Yellow wrinkled
3 Green round
1 Green wrinkled

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48
Q

again, the order you must list phenotypic ratio in is…

A

both dominant : dominant, recessive: recessive, dominant: recessive, recessive

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49
Q

Dont usually include…

A

the genotypic ratio when crossing a lot of things, just look at phenotypic ratio

50
Q

Mendels second law…

A

(Independent Assortment)
- alleles of different genes will assort into gametes independently of one another
- so that all possible combinations of alleles can occur in gametes

so you can have tall and white, or tall and purple, each gene assorting independent of each other

51
Q

Biochemical pathways…

A

involve enzymes which determine phenotypes

52
Q

A gene codes…

A

for an enzyme which will convert a chemical precursor into a purple pigment

53
Q

Homo dominant…

A

has two alleles, both produce a functional enzyme and pigment

PP both convert to purple pigment

54
Q

Hetero…

A

has one copy of gene producing functional enzyme, but that one functional enzyme if enough to convert all of the precursor to purple pigment

Pp, even if has broken enzyme, but one enzyme is enough to make whole thing purple

55
Q

Homo recessive…

A
  • has both copies of gene producing defective enzyme
  • without the functioning enzyme, presurcor is not converted to enzyme
  • flower remains colorless (white)

both pp, gene cant make enzyme to produce purple

56
Q

If cross is made between Rr and rr, what is the expected phenotypic ratio

A

draw punnett sqaure 1:1

57
Q

If cross between Ssyy and ssYy, what is exprected phenotypic ratio

A

draw square, Sy and sy on top, sY and sy on left

1:1:1:1 phenotypic ratio, all a bit different

58
Q

In complete/simple dominance…

A

only one allele is expressed in a heterozygote

59
Q

Incomplete dominance…

A

both alleles are expressed in a heterozygote (b/c dominant allele does not completely mask recessive) so an intermediate phenotype of produced

blending of two alleles

60
Q

(Four O’clock flower) parental genotypes..

A

RR homo red x WW homo white

61
Q

(Four O’clock flower) Gamete types

A

R x W

62
Q

Since both contribute to the offspring…

A

we put them both as capital letter, no lowercase

63
Q

(Four O’clock flower) after combination…

A

all offspring heterozygous

64
Q

(Four O’clock flower) phenotypic ratio

A

all pink (RW)

65
Q

(Four O’clock flower) monohybrid cross parental genotype…

A

RW x RW

66
Q

(Four O’clock flower) monohybrid cross gamete types

A

R,W x R,W

67
Q

(Four O’clock flower) monohybrid cross genotypic and phenotypic ratio…

A

1:2:1 (draw square) RR (red), RW (pink) x2, WW (white x1)

68
Q

Ratios are same for both because…

A

each genotype has its own phenotype

69
Q

If a pink flower is crossed to a white one, what is the expected phenotypic ratio..

A

Parental genotypes: RW x WW
Gamete types: R,W x W
Phenotypic ratio:
half pink, half white, 1:1

DRAW SQAURE)

70
Q

Human males can have…

A

XY, XXY, XYY, XXYY

71
Q

Human females can have

A

XX, X, XXX, XXXX

72
Q

Human sex determination

A

presence of a Y-chromosome determines males

DAX1 gene activation on X chromosome determines females

73
Q

Sex-chromosomes..

A

those that contain the gene(s) which determine the sex of an individual (only one pair)

74
Q

Autosomes

A

non-sec chromosomes

75
Q

Eyecolor in Drosophila (fruit flies) was

A

pattern of inheritance found by Morgan when studying fruit flies

76
Q

Morgans observations

A

found white-eyed male fly

77
Q

Cross #1

A

crossed white eyed male with red eyed female

all offspring red eyed

78
Q

Cross #2

A

did brother sister cross of red-eyed flies and got 3 red:1 white

but all white eyed were males

79
Q

Morgans Hypothesis was…

A

Eye color is sex-linked (ie gene located on X chromosome

80
Q

Sex linked genes are found

A

on the X chromosome

81
Q

Y chromosome…

A

does not carry most of genes, there are way less genes

82
Q

(Fly Cross #1) Parental Genotypes

A

XRXR , XwY

Female has two X with red eyes, male has one X with white, Y does not carry color gene

83
Q

(Fly Cross #1) Gamete types

A

XR Xw, Y

84
Q

Hemizygous means

A

genotype of individual with only one copy of sex-linked gene (for example, male) can be wither hemizygous dominant or hemizygous recessive

85
Q

(Fly Cross #1) phenotypic ratio

A

all red-eyed females
all red-eyed males

86
Q

(Brother Sister Cross #2) Parental Genotypes

A

XRXw , XRY

87
Q

(Brother Sister Cross #2) Gamete Types

A

XR,Xw XR,Y

88
Q

(Brother Sister Cross #2) phenotypic ratio

A

3 red:1 white

but ALL white eyed flies were male

half of males had white eyes

89
Q

If a white eyed female is crossed to a red eyed male, what is the expected phenotypic ratio

A

Half red eyed female, half white eyed males

Homo recessive female, meaning XwXw

Hemi dominant male, meaning XRY

so offspring XwXR and XwY, since red is dominant female is red and then white is male

90
Q

Gene Dosage Compensation

A

A process that equalizes expression of X-linked genes in male and female mammals

91
Q

First proposed mechanism in gene dosage compensation…

A

is X inactivation

92
Q

X inactivation is

A
  • 1 X chromosome inactivated in each female cell
  • reduces number of expressed copies of X-linked genes from 2 to 1 in females
  • so expression roughly equal in males and females
93
Q

Barr Bodies are

A

small dark staining bodies in the interphase nucleus in females but not males

94
Q

Lyon Hypothesis is…

A

Barr bodies are heterochromatic (highly condensed and inactivated X-chromosomes)

95
Q

You must have…

A

at least one activated X per cell

96
Q

males…

A

do not have barr bodies because have only 1 X chromosome so cant be inactivated

97
Q

Typical females have…

A

1 Barr body (XX)

98
Q

Typical males have…

A

0 Barr Bodies (XY)

99
Q

Klinefelter males have…

A

1 Barr Body (XXY)

100
Q

Turner females have…

A

0 bar bodies (XO)

101
Q

Triple X females have…

A

2 barr bodies (XXX)

102
Q

Evidence in favor of Lyon Hypothesis …

A

calico cats are always female

they are heterozygous for color (orange and black parts)

103
Q

Example of one X inactivated in calico cats…

A

1 - initially both X’s have active orange and black (early embryo)
2 - randomly, one of two inactivated, this becomes Barr body
3 - Pattern of diff. remain because duplicate, then results in patchiness

104
Q

But for many X-linked traits in humans…

A

heterozygous females usually show dominant trait

105
Q

Expression of dominant allele in 50% of cells is…

A

sufficient to produce dominant phenotype

106
Q

With recessive X-linked form of hemophilia (blood disorder)

A

hetero females usually have healthy phenotype

normal blood clotting protein produced in approx. 50% of liber cells enough to prevent hemophilia

50% make good gene, 50% make bad gene, 50% is enough to be okay

107
Q

Pedigree symbol for female

A

circle

107
Q

Pedigree symbol for male

A

square

107
Q

Pedigree symbol for affected

A

dark circle or sqauer

108
Q

Pedigree symbol for unaffected

A

light circle or square

109
Q

Generation shown as

A

roman numerals

110
Q

Individuals shown with

A

arabic(normal) numbers

111
Q

Pedigree usually used

A

for diseases, or specific inheritance of traits

112
Q

Tell tale sign of recessively inherited trait

A

affected child has two unaffected parents

anywhere in pedigree means the trait is recessive

113
Q

If the trait was dominant..

A

the child would have inherited one dominant allele from at least one of parents, so parents would have disease

114
Q

for autosomal…

A

the gender does not matter so just follow rules

115
Q

in sex linked…

A

have to remember that male only has one X that it passes on

116
Q

sex linked affected male

A

always hemizygous recessive

116
Q

sex linked unaffected male

A

always hemizygous dominant

117
Q

sex linked affected female

A

always homo recessive

118
Q

go through practice on powerpoint

A

Biology 224 (18 decks)

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