Chapter 7, Cellular Respiration, Fermentation, Secondary Metabolism Flashcards
1
Q
___________ and ______ were added to CO2 to produce Carbohydrates during photosynthesis
A
Energy (ATP) and Electron (NADPH)
2
Q
Formula for cellular respiration
A
Glucose + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6 H2O
3
Q
The breakdown of glucose is _______
A
catabolic
4
Q
Delta G = _______ which would make it ________
A
-686 kcal/mol, exergonic
5
Q
Since it is the complete opposite of photosynthesis, this is technically a ________ reaction
A
reversable
6
Q
This reaction only occurs in the presence of _______
A
oxygen
7
Q
The first step in the breaking down of glucose for energy is _________
A
Glycolysis
8
Q
Glycolysis occurs in the _______
A
cytoplasm
9
Q
During glycolysis…
A
glucose is split into two molecules of pyruvate
10
Q
Glycolysis produces…(PER GLUCOSE)
A
- 2 ATP
- 2 NADPH
11
Q
NADPH is an __________ ________
A
electron carrier
12
Q
Next, pyruvate is transported from the ___________ to the …
A
cytoplasm, matrix of the mitochondria
13
Q
In the matrix of the mitochondria, pyruvate is converted into…
A
Acetyl-CoA
14
Q
Except for glycolysis in the cytoplasm, the krebs cycle takes place in…
oxidative phosphorylation takes place in…
A
mitochondrial matrix
mitochondria inner membrane
15
Q
____________ is produced per one pyruvate
A
one CO2
16
Q
Then, _______ _______ breaks Acetyl-CoA to….
A
Krebs Cycle, CO2 and electrons (NADH and FADH2)
17
Q
This process is _______ ______ to release the energy to make ATP molecules
A
breaking bonds
18
Q
Finally, energy in electrons of _________ and ________ converted
A
NADP and FADH2
19
Q
Energy converted to the energy of _____ by ________ _______
A
ATP. electron transport
20
Q
Another name for electron transport
A
Oxidative Phosphorylation
21
Q
When you make ATP with electron transport and ATP synthase, always …
A
chemiosmosis
22
Q
Chemiosmosis makes ___-____ ATP
A
30-34
23
Q
(#1) Glycolysis converts _______ to ________
A
glucose to pyruvate
24
Q
(#1) _______ is only place that has the ability to perform glycolysis
A
cytoplasm
25
(#1) First half of glycolysis is
endergonic (energy requiring)
26
(#1) In the first half of glycolysis...
2 ATP are added to glucose converting it to fructose 1, 6-biphosphate, which is split into two molecules of G3P
Start with glucose, end with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)
27
(#1) Second half of glycolysis is
exergonic (energy releasing)
28
(#1) In the second half of glycolysis...
The two G3P are converted to two molecules of pyruvate, producing 4 ATP and 2 NADH
Start with two G3P, ends with 2 pyruvate
29
Essentially, G3P is being ______ forming NADH, and then dephosphorylated, forming ____
oxidized, ATP
30
(#1) Substrate level phosphorylation is basically...
making ATP without pumping H+ ions and without ATP synthase, NO CHEMIOSMOSIS
31
(#1) In substrate level phosphorylation...
high energy phosphates transferred directly from substrate (like PEP) to ADP
makes ATP without chemiosmosis
32
(#1) End product of Glycolysis
From EACH glucose:
- 2 Pyruvate
- 4 ATP (2 NET)
- 2 NADH
33
(#1) Energy yield of glycolysis
Net 2 ATP because of substrate level phosphorylation
34
(#1) _____________ is the rate limiting enzyme in glycolysis
Phosphofructokinase
35
(#1) ___ is the non competitive inhibitor in glycolysis
ATP
36
(#1) ATP is produced in the ______ steps of glycolysis
very last
37
(#1)Possible fates of pyruvate from glycolysis
- aerobic respiration
- anaerobic pathways
38
(#1) Aerobic Reparation relationship to pyruvate
if oxygen and krebs cylce are present, complete oxidation of pyruvate occurs to CO2 and water
39
(#1) Anaerobic pathways relationship to pyruvate
if oxygen or krebs cycle are NOT present, pyruvate is reduced by NADH to a waste product and discarded
40
(#2) Pyruvate Oxidation is when
pyruvate is converted into Acetyl CoA using 3 reactions by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
41
(#2) pyruvate passes through ________ and _________ to ________
inner and outer, extracellular matrix
42
(#2) The 3 reactions/steps to pyruvate oxidation are...
- decarboxylated-splitting off CO2 (break off one carbon, released as CO2)
- Oxidized - passing electrons to NAD+ (pyruvate gives off electrons, NAD+ accepts them, becomes NADPH carries the electrons)
- Remaining 2-Carbon compound (acetate) is added to CoA making Acetyl-CoA
43
(#2) Citric acid (krebs) cycle is when ...
8 enzymes convert Acetyl-CoA to CO2 and NADH
44
(#2) Krebs enzymes all occur in..
mitochondrial matrix
45
(#2) Part of krebs cycle, decarboxylation ...
removes 2 CO2 per Acetyl CoA
46
(#2) Part of krebs cycle, oxidation...
pass electrons to NAD+, then get passed to FAD
47
(#2) Substrate level Phosphorylation...
uses energy from rearranging succinyl CoA to succinate to add a PO4- to ADP, making it ATP
48
Electron yield so far per glucose
- 2 NADH from glycolysis
- 2 NADH from pyruvate oxidation
- 6 NADH and 2 FADH2 from krebs cycle
49
(#2) in mammals and humans, _______ __________ is the rate limiting enzyme in krebs cycle
isocitrate dehydrogenase
50
(#2) Both _______ and _______ as as non competitive inhibitors in krebs cycle
NADH, ATP
51
(#3) Last step in cellular respiration is
Respiratory chain, respiratory electron transport
52
(#3) Electron transport takes place in...
cytochromes, located in inner mitochondrial membranes, forming respiratory enzyme complexes
53
(#3) first step in electron transport
NADH passes electrons to NADH dehydrogenase
54
(#3) In the Respiratory electron chain...
- H+ ions released by NADH
- NAD+ being regenerated ( to go back to earlier steps)
55
(#3) second step in electron transport is
-NADH dehydrogenase passes electrons to ubiquinone and pumps H+ to intermembrane space
- ubiquinone also accepts electrons from FADH2 (by way of ****succinate reductase****
- ubiquinone does not accept protons/H+ (these are pumped from matrix to intermembrane space by other links in chain)
56
(#3) third step in electron transport
ubiquinone passes electrons to cytochrome b-c
57
(#3) fourth step in electron transport
cytochrome b-c passes electrons to cytochrome c and pumps H+ to intermediate space
cytochrome c does not accept protons/H+, these are pumped from matrix to intermembrane space
58
(#3) fifth step in electron transport
cytochrome c passes electrons to cytochrome oxidase
59
(#3) sixth step in electron transport
cytochrome oxidase passes electrons to oxygen AND pumps H+ to intermembrane space
60
(#3) oxygen is the...
FINAL electron acceptor, oxygen with electrons combines with protons (H+) to form water
61
(#3) Chemiosmotic theory in electron transport...
as NADH dehydrogenase, cytochrome b-c, and cytochrome oxidase pass electrons they also pass hydrogen ions from matrix to intermembrane space
this establishes electrochemical gradient
62
(#3) These H+ ions...
diffuse back into matrix through ATP Synthase making ATP by Oxidative Phosphorylation
63
ATP Synthase is...
- multimeric protein
- has base embedded in mitochondrial membrane, rotating shaft, stationery head
- same as photosynthesis
64
ATP synthase, shaft rotates as H+ ions pass between...
a and c subunits in base, this 120 degree rotation causes conformational changes in head
65
In first conformation...
beta subunit binds ADP and phosphate
66
Second conformation
ADP and phosphate forced together, making ATP
67
Third conformation...
ATP is released
68
Metabolic water...
water produced comes from oxygen, electrons that originally came from carbohydrates, and H+ ions
water produced metabolically
69
With oxidative phosphorylation of aerobic respiration, _____ ATP (max) made for every glucose broken down
30-34
70
Could be less yield because...
NADH and FADH2 can be used for other reactions (glycerol and lactic acid synthesis)
71
(#3) In Aerobic Respiration (electron transport) _______ _______ is noncompetative inhibitor
Cytochrome Oxidase
72
Other carbohydrates other than glucose that can be broken down include
starch and glycogen
73
When starch and glycogen are broken down...
digested to glucose subunits with enter process at glycolysis
74
Fructose is...
converted to G3P which enters glycolysis
75
Lactose is...
converted to Glucose and Galactose (which is converted to Glucose 1-Phosphate which enters glycolysis
76
Proteins are...(2)
digested to amino acid subunits
deamination (amino groups removed) to organic acids (which enter pyruvate oxidation or krebs cycle)
77
Organic acids formed by deaminating amino acids are either..
the organic acid intermediates of pyruvate oxidation/krebs cycle OR easily converted into them
78
Lipids (triglycerides) are digested to
glycerol and fatty acids
79
Glycerol goes into...
glycolysis
80
Fatty Acids...
are split into Acetyl Groups which enter krebs cycle
81
_______ and __________ have about equal energy yeild
protein and carbs
82
______ have about ___ the energy yield of either a protein or a carbohydrate
lipids, 2x
83
Aerobic respiration is _____ without oxygen
impossible
84
Lactic acid fermentation is
anaerobic
85
Lactic acid fermentation is when
pyruvate is directly reduced by NADH to from lactate
but NADH is also oxidized back to NAD+
86
Ethanol Fermentation is
anaerobic
87
ethanol fermentation is when
pyruvate is decarboxylated to acetaldehyde, which is reduced using NADH to ethanol
but again oxidizing NADH back to NAD+
88
Purpose of fermentation
must convert NADH back to NAD+ so glycolysis can continue
89
Yield of fermentation
2 net ATP per glucose (glycolysis)
90
Anaerobic respiration occurs in organisms like
bacteria
91
In anaerobic respiration there is no...
cytochrome oxidase in inner mitochondrial membrane
92
instead they produce...
nitrate reductase
93
Nitrate reductase is...
inserted into cytoplasmic/cell membrane and functions in place of cytochrome oxidase to accept electrons from cytochrome b, reducing nitrate to nitrite
94
Both _______ and _________ pump H+ ions...
NADH Dehydrogenase and Ubiquinone pump H+ ions from cytoplasm into periplasmic space
95
periplasmic space is
space between membrane and cell wall
96
These H+ ions being pumped...
flow back through ATP Synthase to make ATP, but without O2 as electron acceptor,
97
Uses ____ as acceptor instead
nitrate (NO3-)
