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Biology 224 > Chapter 4, General Features of Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 4, General Features of Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The Cell Theory (3 parts)

A

1.) Cells are fundamental unit of life
2.) All organisms are composed of cells
3.) All cells come from preexisting cells

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2
Q

As cell _________ in volume, the surface area _________

A

increase, increases

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3
Q

The surface area increases at a _________ rate

A

lower

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4
Q

The cell’s volume determines its…

A

metabolic activities

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5
Q

The cell’s surface area determines its…

A

rate of transport into and out of the cell

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6
Q

As the cell grows, the metabolic activity…causing the cell to…

A

increases at a faster rate than surface area, so it must split to keep things balanced

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7
Q

Magnification…

A

makes something larger

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8
Q

Resolution…

A

makes something clearer
minimum distance between two objects
ability to observe 2 objects as distinct

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9
Q

Microscopes increase both…

A

magnification and resolution

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10
Q

Light Microscope

A
  • 430 x
  • resolving power: 200 nm
  • uses light passing through the sample to observe objects
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11
Q

Transmission Electron Microscope

A
  • 50 million x
  • resolving power = 0.2 nm
  • uses electron beam passing through sample to view objects
  • cell must be killed and stained with heavy metals to block/scatter electron beam, those that pass through are focused
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12
Q

Scanning Electron Microscope

A
  • 2 million x
  • resolving power = 0.5 nm
  • Coats surface of sample with heavy metal stains, uses electron beam to scan surface
  • obtains more 3D view of object
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13
Q

Domains containing Prokaryotic cells…

A

Bacteria, Archaea

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14
Q

Prokaryotic cells…(3)

A
  • lack membrane-bound organelles (nucleus)
  • relatively simple
  • generally smaller
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15
Q

Prokaryotic Cells contain…

A

plasma membrane
cell wall
capsule
nucleoid
cytoplasm
ribosomes
flagella

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16
Q

Plasma Membrane (structure and function)

A

single membrane, regulate transport

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17
Q

Cell Wall (structure and function)

A

Peptidoglycan membrane, protection/support

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18
Q

Capsule (structure and function)

A

Polysaccharides, prection/hydration

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19
Q

Nucleoid (structure and function)

A

aqueous, hereditary/DNA

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20
Q

Cytoplasm (structure and function)

A

aqueous, biochemical reactions

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21
Q

Ribosomes (structure and function)

A

solid - RNA and proteins, protein synthesis

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22
Q

Flagella (structure and function)

A

solid - proteins, movement

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23
Q

Domains containing Eukaryotic Cells

A

Protista, Plantae, Animalia, Fungi

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24
Q

Eukaryotic cells…

A
  • contain membrane bound organelles
  • are complex with many organelles
  • are larger in size
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25
Q

Cytoplasm is _______ mixture

A

aqueous

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26
Q

Cytoplasm contain many…

A

proteins

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27
Q

Many protein are…

A

enzymes

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28
Q

Enzymes control…

A

a host of reactions

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29
Q

Reactions in cytoplasm are often…

A

the first reactions in important metabolic pathways

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30
Q

The cytoskeleton is made up of…

A

series of fibrous organelles

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31
Q

The purpose of cytoskeleton is to…

A

provide internal skeleton to cells

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32
Q

Three types of fibers that make up cytoskeleton constructed from

A

many protein monomers

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33
Q

Microtubules made up of

A

Tubulin

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34
Q

Microtubules are

A

largest long hollow tubes contributing to cytoskeleton

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35
Q

Microtubules have two different

A

charged ends

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36
Q

_________ and _________ help microtubules grow and shrink

A

Centrioles and Basal Bodies

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37
Q

Function of microtubules are to…

A

form cellular roads which vesicles and chromosomes move using molecular motors

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38
Q

Molecular motors in microtubules are…

A

Kinesin

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39
Q

Motor protein travels along microtubule from ___ end to ____ end

A

negative to positive

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40
Q

Microtubules form _____ and _____ for cellular locomotion

A

cilia, flagella

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41
Q

Microtubules form the ______ ________

A

Miotic Spindle

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42
Q

The miotic spindle …

A

moves chromosomes during nuclear division (mitosis)

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43
Q

Intermediate filaments are made of…

A

thing rods of keratin

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44
Q

There are ________ different types of intermediate filaments

A

over 50

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45
Q

Intermediate filaments do not have

A

charged ends

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46
Q

Intermediate filaments are more ____ than any other element of cytoskeleton

A

stable

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47
Q

Functions of intermediate filament (3)

A
  • maintain cellular shape
  • provide mechanical strength
  • line inside of nuclear membrane to anchor nuclear pores
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48
Q

Microfilaments are the _____ of the three in the cytoskeleton

A

smallest

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49
Q

Microfilaments made out of

A

thin rods of actin

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50
Q

Microfilaments can exist as…

A

single filaments
in bundles
in networks

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51
Q

Functions of microfilaments (4)…

A
  • cellular movement (muscle contraction, cytoplasmic streaming, pseudopod formation)
  • cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis) to divide cell into two daughter cells following mitosis and meiosis
  • occur near plasma membrane and anchor other proteins
  • support plasma membrane and provide shape and strength to cell
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52
Q

All provide shape and strength to cell, but _______ most important

A

intermediate filaments

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53
Q

The nucleus is a ____ ______ structure

A

double membrane (lipid bilayer)

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54
Q

Function of nucleus is to …

A

store DNA

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55
Q

Nuclear membrane has thousands of nuclear pores which…

A

regulate transport between nucleus and cytoplasm

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56
Q

Pores are surrounded by complex of…

A

8 large protein granules

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57
Q

Proteins targeted for nucleus have a short peptide _________ _________ ________

A

Nuclear Localization Signal

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58
Q

Nucleolus consists of…

A

genes which code for ribosomal RNA

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59
Q

rRNAs are needed for …

A

Ribosome contruction

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60
Q

_______ have no membrane so technically are not organelle

A

ribosome

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61
Q

Function of ribosomes

A

proteins synthesis

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62
Q

Location of ribosomes (3)

A
  • floating in cytoplasm
  • attached to ER
  • inside mitochondria/cytoplasm
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63
Q

Endomembrane system

A

group of functionally interrelated organelles

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64
Q

Endomembrane consists of (8)

A

nuclear envelope, ER, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, vacuoles, plasma membrane, vesicles which shutter material between these

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65
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum composed of…

A

single membrane surrounded by central lumen

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66
Q

ER consists of ____ and ____ sacs

A

folds, flattened

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67
Q

ER composes ____% of cell’s total volume

A

10

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68
Q

Because of ER’s _____, many times greater than Plasma Membrane

A

folds

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69
Q

The lumen is the…

A

hollow part of ER

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70
Q

Rough ER has…

A

ribosomes throughout

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71
Q

Ribosomes…

A

synthesize proteins which are then transported into lumen of ER, segregating them from cytoplasm

72
Q

Proteins in rough ER can be _______ _________ to alter their function

A

chemically modified

73
Q

Proteins can also be tagged with a ______ ________ _________ to mark them for delivery to various organelles by way of vesicles

A

short peptide signal (like an address)

74
Q

Some of these proteins have an oligosaccharide chain attached and from _________

A

glycoproteins

75
Q

Function of rough ER

A

synthesize/modify glycoproteins, membrane-bound proteins, and proteins destined for various organelles

76
Q

Smooth ER does not have…

A

ribosomes

77
Q

Smooth ER is more _____ than flattened sacs

A

tubular

78
Q

Smooth ER is _____ with sections of rough ER

A

continuous

79
Q

Functions of smooth ER (3)

A
  • detoxify various poisons
  • contains enzymes necessary for and metabolism
  • synthesize phospholipids for membrane, and other lipids like steroid hormones
80
Q

Smooth ER modifies poisons so that they are…

A

more polar and easier to excrete from cell

81
Q

Smooth ER has enzymes necessary for ______ and ______ metabolism

A

glycogen and calcium

82
Q

Structure of Golgi Apparatus

A

flattened sacs (single membrane)

83
Q

_________ transport proteins from ER to golgi

A

Vesicles

84
Q

proteins travel from ____ to medial to ____ regions of golgi

A

cis, medial, trans

85
Q

_____ come from smooth ER

A

lipids

86
Q

_____ come from rough ER

A

proteins

87
Q

Golgi adds/modifies…

A

carbohydrate portion of Glycoproteins

88
Q

Proteolysis

A

cuts large proteins into smaller, functional proteins

89
Q

Secretion packages materials into _______ _________ to be…

A

secretory vesicles, released from cell

90
Q

Golgi function: _________, _______, and __________ proteins and lipids before being transported to cellular/extracellular destinations

A

concentrate, package, sort

91
Q

Lysosome structure

A

large vesicle with glycoproteins surrounded by single membrane

92
Q

Lysosomes contain _________ enzymes

A

digestive

93
Q

Lysosome function

A

Digestion via hydrolytic reactions

94
Q

Primary Lysosomes

A

formed by vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes forming from golgi

95
Q

Secondary Lysosome

A

formed by function of primary lysosome and food vacuole

96
Q

another name for food vacuole

A

phagosome

97
Q

Function of vacuole (2)

A
  • storage of food or waste materials
  • maintain turgor pressure
98
Q

Contractile vacuole

A

protists use to excrete water

99
Q

in contractile vacuoles water…

A

diffuses in, vacuole contracts, forcing water out via pores

100
Q

Function of microbodies

A

contain enzymes for specific functions

101
Q

2 subclasses on microbodies

A
  • peroxisomes
  • glyoxysomes
102
Q

Function of peroxisomes

A

contain catalase to degrade hydrogen peroxide

103
Q

Hydrogen peroxide formed…

A

as byproduct of many types of reactions, high levels is toxic

104
Q

Peroxisomes are synthesized…

A

as vesicles from ER

105
Q

Glyoxysomes contain…

A

enzymes for specific reactions

106
Q

Glyoxysomes primarily found in

A

plant seeds

107
Q

Function of glyoxysomes

A

covert stored lipids into carbs for growth

108
Q

Plasma membrane part of the ______ system

A

endomembrane

109
Q

Plasma Membrane _______ cell and…

A

surrounds, divides it from external environment

110
Q

Plasma Membrane Functions (3)

A
  • Membrane Transport (everything in and out must pass through membrane by protein transporters)
  • Cell Signaling (uses hormones to communicate to each other and external environment)
  • Cell Adhesion (cell need way to hold cells together, proteins help fulfill this role
111
Q

List of Semiautonomous Organelles

A
  • mitochondrial
  • chloroplast
112
Q

mitochondria involved in…

A

cellular respiration

113
Q

chloroplast involved in…

A

photosynthesis

114
Q

Mitochondria and chloroplasts can…

A

divide independently of the cell

115
Q

Mitochondria and chloroplast also contain their own

A

DNA and ribosomes

116
Q

Structure of mitochondria

A

double membrane, two spaces

117
Q

Function of mitochondria

A

convert energy in organic molecules into ATP

118
Q

Cellular Respiration begins in the _________ with ________

A

cytoplasm, Glycolysis

119
Q

It continues in the mitochondria with…. and …..

A

krebs cycle, electron transport

120
Q

The end product of cellular respiration is _______

A

ATP

121
Q

ATP is a modified ________ which has high energy content

A

nucleotide

122
Q

ATP used to do…

A

most types of cellular work

123
Q

Plastids found in

A

plants and algae

124
Q

Plastids include ________

A

chloroplasts

125
Q

Plastids structure

A

three membrane

126
Q

Three membranes of plastids include

A

outer, innter, thylakoid (innermost)

127
Q

Function of plastids

A

photosynthesis

128
Q

Chloroplasts contain ____________ _______, embedded within internal stacks of membranes

A

photosynthetic pigments

129
Q

Internal stacks of membranes in chloroplasts are called

A

thylakoids

130
Q

Thylakoid membranes distinctive because they are only…

A

10% phospholipid content

131
Q

Fluid surrounded thylakoids is…

A

stroma

132
Q

Chromoplasts are plastids but not…

A

semi-autonomous

133
Q

Chromoplasts function

A

produce and store various carotenoid pigments

134
Q

Chromoplasts pigments are the colors…

A

red, orange, yellow

135
Q

Color in chromoplasts helps to..

A

attract pollinators for pollination of seeds

136
Q

Leukoplasts are plastids but not…

A

semi-autonomous

137
Q

function of leukoplasts

A

stores food (starch, fats)

138
Q

Endosymbiont Theory tries to explain origin of

A

Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, Eukaryotic Cells

139
Q

Starting point of Endosymbiont Theory is _________ cell, some of them having _________ ___________ and others __________

A

Prokaryotic, aerobic respiration, photosynthesis

140
Q

The engulfment stage is when…

A

large prokaryotic cells engulfed smaller ones but did not digest them

141
Q

Over time these cells became ___________ and ___________ with a _____ membrane

A

mitochondria, chloroplasts, double membrane

142
Q

Supported evidence is that these are only organelles to…(3)

A
  • contain own DNA
  • contain own ribosomes
  • both double membraned
143
Q

Many structures are _______ by the cell and _________ by the cell

A

produced, secreted

144
Q

Extracellular Structures includes the cell walls of…(3)

A

Plants, Fungi, Bacteria

145
Q

Extracellular structures also includes the _________ _________

A

extracellular matrix

146
Q

Plant cell wall structure

A

Thin mat of cellulose fibers

147
Q

Plant cell wall function (3)

A
  • support cell
  • limit volume of cell and maintain turgor pressure
  • forms barrier to prevent infection by fungi and bacteria
148
Q

Extracellular Matrix structure

A

interwoven mat of fibrous proteins

149
Q

Fibrous proteins in extracellular matrix include

A

collagen, glycoproteins (proteoglycans), proteins which link the others together

150
Q

Function of extracellular matrix

A

help connect adjacent cells together

151
Q

Each organelle has own set of _______ that carry out most functions

A

proteins

152
Q

All proteins made in the same place, in __________ in the cytoplasm

A

ribosomes

153
Q

Proteins synthesized on the

A

ribosomes in the cytoplasm

154
Q

Many proteins stay in the _______ to perform their roles

A

cytoplasm

155
Q

Other proteins are destined for an _______ and travel there after synthesis

A

organelle

156
Q

Two kinds of sorting are

A
  • cotranslational sorting
  • post-translational sorting
157
Q

Cotranslational sorting is when…

A

proteins take first step in being sorted to organelles while the are being translated

158
Q

The first ___-___ amino acids are nonpolar and form an ER Signal Sequence

A

12-20

159
Q

The first amino acids made are the

A

sorting ones thats tell the protein where to go, so as they travel and know where to go they can make actual protein

160
Q

Special protein that binds to the signal sequence is the

A

SRP (signal recognition protein)

161
Q

After SRP binds to signal sequence…

A

it drags ribosome to ER, and attaches to SRP receptor

162
Q

After SRP docks with receptor…

A

protein chain threaded through channel protein embedded in ER

163
Q

Once protein is threaded through, ends up in the ______ of the ER

A

lumen

164
Q

Translation is continued and then the…

A

signal protein is removed

165
Q

In cotranslational sorting, they are possibly modified and then…

A

packaged into vesicles for transport to destination of organelle

166
Q

New singals put on proteins after…

A

they have reached destinations, because always going to new destinations

167
Q

Vesicles have specific protein receptors embedded in membrane to…

A

help vesicle fuse with proper target organlle

168
Q

Post Translational Sorting is when…

A

proteins synthesized on ribosomes and then sorted after they are made

169
Q

The first 12-20 amino acids on Post Translational Sorting act as…

A

Transit sequences or sorting signals, tells them their destination

170
Q

The sequence is bound and transported by _______ to a receptor protein on outer membrane or organelle

A

chaperones

171
Q

Once bound the protein is…

A

threaded through channel protein

172
Q

Once it is in organlle…

A

signal sequence is removed and the protein carries out its function

173
Q

Nuclear proteins are unique becuse…

A

their signal/transit sequences are not removed

174
Q

Nucleus is constantly dividing meaning that…

A

singal not removed because proteins must continually be re-delivered to nucleus

175
Q
A

Biology 224 (18 decks)

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