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Anatomy 2 > Final Exam! > Flashcards

Final Exam! Flashcards

1
Q

what is the pathway of a RBC through the kidney

A

renal artery
segmental artery
interlobar artery
arcuate artery
cortical radiate artery
afferent arteriole
glomerulus
efferent arteriole
peritubular capillaries (vasa recta, juxtamedullary nephron)
cortical rediate vein
arcuate vein
interlobar vein
renal vein

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2
Q

What are the functions of the urinary system

A

excretion, regulation of blood volume and blood pressure, regulation of plasma ions, regulation of extracellular fluid pH, regulation of nutrients and vitamin D synthesis, regulation of erythrocyte production (EPO, eyrthroprotein)

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3
Q

What are two major parts of the nephron

A

renal corpuscle and renal tubule

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4
Q

what are the two parts of the renal corpuscle

A

bowman’s capsule, glomerulus

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5
Q

what are the three parts of the renal tubule

A

proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule

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6
Q

what are the three parts of the filtration membrane

A

podocyte cell processes, basement membrane, fenestrated capillary

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7
Q

what is the name of the vessel that brings blood to the glomerulus

A

afferent arteriole

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8
Q

blood is filtered across the _________

A

filtration membrane

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9
Q

what is the name of the vessel that blood exits the glomerulus through

A

efferent arteriole

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10
Q

what are the steps to urine formation

A

filtration
reabsorption
secretion

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11
Q

where does filtration in urine formation take place

A

the renal corpuscle

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12
Q

where does reabsorption in urine formation take place

A

along the PCT

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13
Q

where does secretion in urine formation take place

A

along the PCT

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14
Q

what is the path of a water molecule through the kidney

A

renal corpuscle
PCT
Descending limb of nephron loops
loop of henle
ascending limb of nephron limn
DCT
collecting duct
papillary duct
renal papilla
minor calyx
major calyx
renal pelvis
ureter
urethral orifice
urinary bladder
internal urethral orifice
urethra
internal urethral sphincter
external urethral sphincter
external urethral orifice

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15
Q

What is the glomerular capillary pressure

A

50 mm Hg

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16
Q

which force promotes filtration

A

glomerular capillary pressure

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17
Q

what are the opposing forces of glomerular capillary pressure

A

colloid osmotic pressure and capsular pressure

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18
Q

what is colloid osmotic pressure

A

30 mm Hg

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19
Q

what is capsular pressure

A

10 mm Hg

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20
Q

What is the net filtration pressure

A

10 mm Hg

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21
Q

How does filtration work?

A

the direction of the force moves material out of the blood and into the Bowman capsule

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22
Q

List examples of filterable molecules

A

water
ions (sodium, potassium, chloride)
nutrients (glucose, amino acids)
wastes (urea, uric acid, creatinine)

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23
Q

list examples of what is too large to filter

A

blood cells
plasma proteins

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24
Q

How is the PCT modified for reabsorption

A

the brush border

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25
Q

how does Na+ get transported

A

active transport (Na/K pump)

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26
Q

How does Cl- get transported

A

passive transport, follows Na+

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27
Q

how does glucose get transported

A

passive transport, facilitated diffusion
active transport, co-transport w/ Na+

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28
Q

how does water get transported

A

osmosis

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29
Q

What molecules have a fixed number of carrier proteins for reabsorption

A

glucose and amino acids

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30
Q

What happens when the number of glucose molecules exceeds the number of carrier proteins

A

glucose appears in the urine

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31
Q

what is the term for increased urine production

A

diuresis

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32
Q

what is osmotic diuresis

A

increased water loss from excess solutes in urine

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33
Q

what causes osmotic diuresis

A

diabetes mellitus

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34
Q

What ion drives reabsorption of solutes and water

A

sodium

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35
Q

hydrogen ions are secreted when sodium is reabsorbed through

A

countertransport

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36
Q

65% of the filtrate is reabsorbed in the

A

PCT

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37
Q

100% of what molecules are reabsorbed

A

glucose, amino acids

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38
Q

What percent of sodium ions are reabsorbed

A

80%

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39
Q

the descending limb is permeable to

A

water

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40
Q

the ascending limb is permeable to

A

NaCl

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41
Q

what is the name for medications that act on the loop of henle and inhibit Na+, Cl-, and K+ reabsorption

A

loop diuretics

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42
Q

what hormone causes K+ secretion and Na+ reabsorption

A

aldosterone

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43
Q

Why are hydrogen ions secreted

A

to balance pH

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44
Q

what is the use of drugs like penicillin

A

to prevent toxicity

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45
Q

DCT is primarily responsible for

A

secretions

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46
Q

What is the stimulus for the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism

A

low BP or low glomerular filtration rate

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47
Q

What is normal glomerular filtration rate

A

125 mL/min

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48
Q

What is the result of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism

A

increased BP
increased Blood Volume

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49
Q

What type of feedback mechanism is the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism

A

negative feedback

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50
Q

What does aldosterone target

A

the DCT

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51
Q

What usually causes a UTI

A

E. coli

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52
Q

the inability to voluntarily control urination

A

incontinence

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53
Q

urination

A

micturition

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54
Q

bladder infection

A

cystitis

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55
Q

drugs to promote urination

A

diuretics

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56
Q

painful of difficult urination

A

dysuria

57
Q

what is hypernatremia

A

elevated blood sodium

58
Q

what is hyponatremia

A

deficiency of blood sodium

59
Q

what is hyperkalemia

A

elevated blood potassium

60
Q

what is hypokalemia

A

deficiency of blood potassium

61
Q

what is hypercalcemia

A

elevated blood calcium

62
Q

what is hypocalcemia

A

deficiency of blood calcium

63
Q

What senses increased blood solute concentration or large decrease is BP

A

osmoreceptors

64
Q

What does ADH target

A

DCT and collecting ducts

65
Q

what is an antagonist of aldosterone

A

ANH

66
Q

What does ANH inhibit and promote

A

inhibits Na+ resorption
promotes water loss

67
Q

how does caffeine affect urine production

A

inhibits Na+ and other ion reabsorption
increases urine volume/output

68
Q

how does alcohol affect urine production

A

inhibits release of ADH

69
Q

What is ADH effect on urine output

A

decrease

70
Q

what is ANH effect on urine output

A

increase

71
Q

What controls micturition

A

the parasympathetic nervous system

72
Q

What is the amount of urine that signals the urge to urinate

A

200 mL

73
Q

What are the steps to micturition reflex

A

stretch receptors signal parasympathetic neurons
parasympathetic neurons in sacral region cause contractions of detrusor muscle
external urethral sphincter relaxes then internal urethral sphincter relaxes
when urine exceeds 500mL the internal and external sphincter are forced open

74
Q

What is the composition of Urine

A

95% water
urea
creatinine
uric acid

75
Q

where does urea come from

A

amino acid catabolism

76
Q

where does creatinine come from

A

muscle metabolism

77
Q

where does uric acid come from

A

nucleic acid catabolism

78
Q

what is glycosuria

A

presence of glucose

79
Q

what is ketonuria

A

presence of ketones

80
Q

what is albuminuria/proteinuria

A

present of protein or albumin

81
Q

what is bilirubinuria

A

presence of bile pigments

82
Q

what is hematuria

A

presence of RBCs

83
Q

what is pyruria

A

presence of WBCs

84
Q

what delivers fluids and solutes to the interstitium

A

plasma

85
Q

high osmotic pressure attracts

A

water

86
Q

high osmolarity =

A

high NaCl

87
Q

what are the major electrolytes

A

sodium, potassium, calcium

88
Q

what regulates Na concentrations

A

aldosterone

89
Q

what are the major functions of sodium

A

fluid and pH balance

90
Q

what regulates K concentrations

A

aldosterone

91
Q

what are the major functions of potassium

A

fluid balance

92
Q

what regulate Ca concentrations

A

PTH

93
Q

what can the 3 electrolytes all function in

A

muscle contraction, nerve impulse conduction, heart action

94
Q

what is the normal blood acidity range

A

7.35-7.45

95
Q

when PCO2 rises, pH _____

A

falls

96
Q

when PCO2 falls, pH

A

rises

97
Q

When blood pH is less than 7.35, there is a low

A

Blood HCO3-

98
Q

when blood pH is greater than 7.35, there is a high

A

blood HCO3-

99
Q

term for low blood HCO3-

A

metabolic acidosis

100
Q

term for high blood HCO3-

A

metabolic alkalosis

101
Q

how long does renal compensation take to kick in

A

3-5 days

102
Q

what happens during renal compensation

A

H+ is secreted and bicarbonate is reabsorbed

103
Q

What is in the ICF

A

cytoplasm

104
Q

What is in the ECF

A

interstitial fluid, plasma, bone and dense connective tissue

105
Q

What are the stages of meiosis and meiosis too

A

early prophase 1
middle prophase 1
metaphase 1
anaphase 1
telophase 1
prophase 2
metaphase 2
anaphase 2
telophase 2

106
Q

what is the end result of meiosis 1 regarding chromosomes

A

separate homologous pairs

107
Q

what is the end result of meiosis 2 regarding chormosomes

A

separation of sister chromatids

108
Q

what is cryptorchidism

A

a condition where the testes don’t descend properly, requires surgically correction

109
Q

how does cryptorchidism effect fertility

A

men with this condition are infertile due to sperm needing a lower body temp in order to be viable

110
Q

What is spermatogenesis

A

sperm formation

111
Q

what is the purpose of interstitial cells

A

produce testosterone

112
Q

what is the purpose of nurse cells

A

nourish developing spermatocytes

113
Q

what is the function of the rete testis

A

maze like tubules where seminiferous tubules combine as they leave the testis

114
Q

what do sperm use for ATP productions

A

fructose

115
Q

what is capacitation

A

sperm become active, motile and fully functional; requires contact with seminal vesicle secretions, female reproductive tract secretions

116
Q

What is the process of sperm formation

A

spermatogonia
primary spermatocytes
secondary spermatocyte
spermatid
spermatozoa

117
Q

what is the pathway of sperm through the male reproductive system

A

testis
seminiferous tubules
rete testis
epididymis
vas deferens
ejaculatory duct
prostatic urethra
membranous urethra
penile urethra
external urethral orifice

118
Q

What are the functions of seminal vesicles

A

alkaline secretions, provide fructose to flagellum, secretion of prostaglandins

119
Q

what are the functions of the prostate

A

acidic secretions, seminalplasmin

120
Q

what are the functions of the bulbourethral glands

A

thick, alkaline mucus, neutralize acids, lubricate the glans penis

121
Q

Where does GnRH come from

A

hypothalamus

122
Q

when does GnRH begin being secreted

A

puberty

123
Q

where does FSH and LH come from

A

anterior pituitary

124
Q

what is the function of FSH and LH

A

target the gonads

125
Q

What stimulates testosterone from interstitial cells

A

LH

126
Q

what stimulates inhibin from sustentacular cells

A

FSH

127
Q

What type of feedback mechanism effect does Inhibin have on the anterior pituitary in order to reduce FSH secretion

A

negative feedback

128
Q

What are the functions of testosterone

A

Maturation of sperm
maintain accessory organs
secondary sex characteristics

129
Q

what is the pathway of sperm through the female reproductive tract

A

vagina
external os
cervical canal
internal os
uterine cavity
uterine tube

130
Q

where does fertilization occur

A

the upper third of the uterine tube

131
Q

What are the stages of follicular development

A

primordial follicle
primary follicle
secondary follicle
mature follicle
corpus luteum
corpus albicans

132
Q

What are the stages of the ovarian cycle

A

follicular phase
ovulation
luteal phase

133
Q

in what stage of the ovarian cycle is estrogen most present

A

follicular phase

134
Q

in what stage of the ovarian cycle is progesterone most present

A

luteal phase

135
Q

What are the stages of the uterine cycle

A

menses
proliferative phase
secretory phase

136
Q

what are the function of estrogen

A

bone and muscle growth
female secondary characteristics
sex drive
accessory reproductive organs
build up of endometrial cells

137
Q

What are the characteristics of menopause

A

ovaries unresponsive to FSH and LH, decreased estrogen levels

138
Q

what are the characteristics of andropause

A

male climacteric, decline in testosterone production, more gradual that menopause

Anatomy 2 (8 decks)

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