Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy 2 > Chapter 11: Blood > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of blood

A

-transport of gases, nutrients, wastes, and regulatory molecules like hormones and enzymes
-regulation of pH and osmosis
-maintains body temperature
-protects against pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define whole blood

A

formed elements + plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the formed elements

A

-red blood cells (erythrocytes)
-white blood cells (leukocytes)
-platelets (thrombocytes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is plasma composed of

A

91% water
7% plasma proteins
2% other (nutrients, wastes, ions, gases, etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the three most well known plasma proteins

A

-Albumin (58% of plasma proteins)
-Globulins (38% of plasma proteins)
-Fibrinogen (4% of plasma proteins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is Albumin

A

plasma protein that relates to blood osmotic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is Globulin

A

plasma protein consisting of antibodies that protect against pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is Fibrinogen

A

plasma protein responsible for blood clotting; inactive until activated by other proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define serum

A

plasma without the clotting factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define Hematopoiesis (hemopoiesis)

A

the synthesis of blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the stem cells involved in hematopoiesis

A

Hemocytoblast, Myeloid stem cell, Megakaryocyte, Lymphoid Stem Cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define Hemocytoblast

A

“mother” of all blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define the function of the Myeloid Stem Cell

A

gives rise to all formed elements other than lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define the function of the Megakaryocyte

A

large cell that makes platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define the function of the Lymphoid Stem Cell

A

gives rise to lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What two cancers affect the Myeloid and Lymphoid Cell Lines

A

Myeloma and Lymphoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the shape of red blood cells

A

Biconcave disk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

RBCs lack what important structure that other cells typically have

A

a nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

1/3 of the volume of a RBC is taken up by

A

hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the functions of red blood cells

A

transport gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide (can also bind with carbon monoxide and reduce the amount of RBCs that can bind to oxygen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What element does oxygen bind with

A

iron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a Heme made of

A

Iron and other pigments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What do the 4 globin chains consist of

A

polypeptide chains and 1 central iron each

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Define the term Cyanosis

A

condition in which the skin turn blue when the arterial blood is poorly oxygenated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the point of the Hematocrit Test

A

measure the volume of red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Describe what a hematocrit test would look like

A

plasma (pale yellow region at the top), buffy coat (thin layer of WBCs and platelets), Red Blood Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the range for men in Hematocrit Tests

A

40%-54%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the range for women in Hematocrit Tests

A

38%-47%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the rough estimate of total RBCs

A

4.0-6.0 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the total RBC count for men

A

4.5-6.0 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the total RBC count for women

A

4.0-5.5 million

32
Q

Define Oxygen Carrying Capacity

A

the amount of oxygen transported in the blood

33
Q

Which tests is Oxygen Carrying Capacity reflected in

A

hemoglobin levels, hematocrit, and total number of RBCs

34
Q

What is the stimulus for the release of Erythropoietin?

A

low blood oxygen levels

35
Q

What organ produces EPO

A

the kidney

36
Q

What does EPO target

A

red bone marrow

37
Q

What is the purpose of EPO

A

increase red blood cell production

38
Q

When is synthetic EPO (procrit) used

A

when a patient has anemia, kidney disease, or after chemo

39
Q

What is the entire EPO cycle

A

decreased blood oxygen levels, kidney stimulated to produced EPO, EPO travels to the bone marrow, results in increased red blood cell production

40
Q

Hemolysis is responsible for the destruction of what percentage of RBCs

A

less than 10 percent

41
Q

Where are macrophages located (three organs)

A

the liver, the spleen, the red bone marrow

42
Q

What is the process for RBC heme and globin recycling

A

macrophages break down hemoglobin, globin chains are processed into amino acids, the heme groups are broken down into iron and biliverdin, biliverdin is broken down into bilirubin, Liver excretes the bilirubin, small amounts of bilirubin are excreted as urine and the rest as feces.

43
Q

What happens to the iron when heme groups are broken down

A

the body recycles it and also stores it

44
Q

What happens to the amino acids when the globin chains are broken down

A

they are used to make new proteins for the body

45
Q

Which gender has more iron overall and twice the reserves for stored iron

A

males

46
Q

what is iron deficiency anemia

A

low blood hemoglobin levels, due lack of dietary iron

47
Q

what is hemochromatosis

A

and iron overload disease

48
Q

What are the leukocytes

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes

48
Q

Describe a neutrophils function

A

most common phagocyte

49
Q

describe the function of an eosinophil

A

phagocyte responsible for parasitic worm infections, asthma, and allergies

50
Q

describe the function of basophils

A

address inflammation; release heparin and histamine

51
Q

describe the function of lymphocytes

A

adaptive immunity; T cells and B cells

52
Q

describe the function of monocytes

A

large phagocytes; become macrophages after moving into tissues

53
Q

What is the normal range for white blood cells

A

5000-9000 wbcs/mm cubed

54
Q

WBC numbers are influenced by what

A

infections, stress, dehydration, and ethnicity

55
Q

Define leukopenia

A

deficiency of WBCs of less than 5000

56
Q

what is considered high risk value for leukopenia

A

less than 2500 white blood cells

57
Q

define leukocytosis

A

elevated WBC count

58
Q

What is considered a high risk value for leukocytosis

A

more than 30,000 WBCs

59
Q

What are the bone marrow cells that give rise to platelets

A

megakaryocytes

60
Q

what is a normal range for platelets

A

250,000-400,000

61
Q

What is the half-life for platelets in the blood

A

12-14 hours

62
Q

define thrombocytopenia

A

lower than normal platelet count

63
Q

what is a high risk value for thrombocytopenia

A

less than 15,000

64
Q

define thrombocytosis

A

elevated platelet count

65
Q

what is a high risk value from thrombocytosis

A

greater than 1 million

66
Q

What is the process for stopping bleeding

A
  1. vascular spasm- smooth muscle in wall of damaged blood vessel constricts
  2. platelet plug formation- formation of von willebrand factor
  3. blood coagulation- clot formation
67
Q

When prothrombinase meets __________ what enzyme is created

A

prothrombin, thrombin

68
Q

when thrombin meets __________ what is created

A

fibrinogen, fibrin

69
Q

what is responsible for making the antibodies in blood

A

B lymphocytes

70
Q

what is the anemia caused by the destruction of bone marrow

A

aplastic anemia

71
Q

what is the anemia caused by premature lysis of RBCS

A

hemolytic anemia

72
Q

What is the anemia caused by deficiency of dietary iron

A

iron deficiency anemia

73
Q

what is the anemia cause by lack of B12

A

Pernicious anemia

74
Q

what is sickle cell anemia

A

a genetic defect that causes red blood cells to adopt a sickle like shape

Anatomy 2 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions