Chapter 11: Blood Flashcards by Theran Schmitt

What are the functions of blood

-transport of gases, nutrients, wastes, and regulatory molecules like hormones and enzymes
-regulation of pH and osmosis
-maintains body temperature
-protects against pathogens

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Define whole blood

formed elements + plasma

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What are the formed elements

-red blood cells (erythrocytes)
-white blood cells (leukocytes)
-platelets (thrombocytes)

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What is plasma composed of

91% water
7% plasma proteins
2% other (nutrients, wastes, ions, gases, etc.)

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What are the three most well known plasma proteins

-Albumin (58% of plasma proteins)
-Globulins (38% of plasma proteins)
-Fibrinogen (4% of plasma proteins)

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What is Albumin

plasma protein that relates to blood osmotic pressure

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What is Globulin

plasma protein consisting of antibodies that protect against pathogens

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What is Fibrinogen

plasma protein responsible for blood clotting; inactive until activated by other proteins

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Define serum

plasma without the clotting factors

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Define Hematopoiesis (hemopoiesis)

the synthesis of blood cells

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What are the stem cells involved in hematopoiesis

Hemocytoblast, Myeloid stem cell, Megakaryocyte, Lymphoid Stem Cell

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Define Hemocytoblast

“mother” of all blood cells

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Define the function of the Myeloid Stem Cell

gives rise to all formed elements other than lymphocytes

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Define the function of the Megakaryocyte

large cell that makes platelets

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Define the function of the Lymphoid Stem Cell

gives rise to lymphocytes

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What two cancers affect the Myeloid and Lymphoid Cell Lines

Myeloma and Lymphoma

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What is the shape of red blood cells

Biconcave disk

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RBCs lack what important structure that other cells typically have

a nucleus

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1/3 of the volume of a RBC is taken up by

hemoglobin

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What are the functions of red blood cells

transport gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide (can also bind with carbon monoxide and reduce the amount of RBCs that can bind to oxygen)

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What element does oxygen bind with

iron

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What is a Heme made of

Iron and other pigments

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What do the 4 globin chains consist of

polypeptide chains and 1 central iron each

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Define the term Cyanosis

condition in which the skin turn blue when the arterial blood is poorly oxygenated

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What is the point of the Hematocrit Test

measure the volume of red blood cells

Describe what a hematocrit test would look like

plasma (pale yellow region at the top), buffy coat (thin layer of WBCs and platelets), Red Blood Cells

What is the range for men in Hematocrit Tests

40%-54%

What is the range for women in Hematocrit Tests

38%-47%

What is the rough estimate of total RBCs

4.0-6.0 million

What is the total RBC count for men

4.5-6.0 million

What is the total RBC count for women

4.0-5.5 million

Define Oxygen Carrying Capacity

the amount of oxygen transported in the blood

Which tests is Oxygen Carrying Capacity reflected in

hemoglobin levels, hematocrit, and total number of RBCs

What is the stimulus for the release of Erythropoietin?

low blood oxygen levels

What organ produces EPO

the kidney

What does EPO target

red bone marrow

What is the purpose of EPO

increase red blood cell production

When is synthetic EPO (procrit) used

when a patient has anemia, kidney disease, or after chemo

What is the entire EPO cycle

decreased blood oxygen levels, kidney stimulated to produced EPO, EPO travels to the bone marrow, results in increased red blood cell production

Hemolysis is responsible for the destruction of what percentage of RBCs

less than 10 percent

Where are macrophages located (three organs)

the liver, the spleen, the red bone marrow

What is the process for RBC heme and globin recycling

macrophages break down hemoglobin, globin chains are processed into amino acids, the heme groups are broken down into iron and biliverdin, biliverdin is broken down into bilirubin, Liver excretes the bilirubin, small amounts of bilirubin are excreted as urine and the rest as feces.

What happens to the iron when heme groups are broken down

the body recycles it and also stores it

What happens to the amino acids when the globin chains are broken down

they are used to make new proteins for the body

Which gender has more iron overall and twice the reserves for stored iron

males

what is iron deficiency anemia

low blood hemoglobin levels, due lack of dietary iron

what is hemochromatosis

and iron overload disease

What are the leukocytes

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes

Describe a neutrophils function

most common phagocyte

describe the function of an eosinophil

phagocyte responsible for parasitic worm infections, asthma, and allergies

describe the function of basophils

address inflammation; release heparin and histamine

describe the function of lymphocytes

adaptive immunity; T cells and B cells

describe the function of monocytes

large phagocytes; become macrophages after moving into tissues

What is the normal range for white blood cells

5000-9000 wbcs/mm cubed

WBC numbers are influenced by what

infections, stress, dehydration, and ethnicity

Define leukopenia

deficiency of WBCs of less than 5000

what is considered high risk value for leukopenia

less than 2500 white blood cells

define leukocytosis

elevated WBC count

What is considered a high risk value for leukocytosis

more than 30,000 WBCs

What are the bone marrow cells that give rise to platelets

megakaryocytes

what is a normal range for platelets

250,000-400,000

What is the half-life for platelets in the blood

12-14 hours

define thrombocytopenia

lower than normal platelet count

what is a high risk value for thrombocytopenia

less than 15,000

define thrombocytosis

elevated platelet count

what is a high risk value from thrombocytosis

greater than 1 million

What is the process for stopping bleeding

1. vascular spasm- smooth muscle in wall of damaged blood vessel constricts 2. platelet plug formation- formation of von willebrand factor 3. blood coagulation- clot formation

When prothrombinase meets __________ what enzyme is created

prothrombin, thrombin

when thrombin meets __________ what is created

fibrinogen, fibrin

what is responsible for making the antibodies in blood

B lymphocytes

what is the anemia caused by the destruction of bone marrow

aplastic anemia

what is the anemia caused by premature lysis of RBCS

hemolytic anemia

What is the anemia caused by deficiency of dietary iron

iron deficiency anemia

what is the anemia cause by lack of B12

Pernicious anemia

what is sickle cell anemia

a genetic defect that causes red blood cells to adopt a sickle like shape