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Anatomy 2 > Chapter 12: The Heart > Flashcards

Chapter 12: The Heart Flashcards

1
Q

What is the approximate weight of the heart

A

less than one pound

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2
Q

where is the heart located

A

the mediastinum

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3
Q

What are the membranous layers of the heart

A

The outer fibrous pericardium (pericardial sac), parietal pericardium, visceral pericardium (epipericardium), pericardial cavity

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4
Q

What are the layers of the heart wall

A

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

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5
Q

what makes the lub sound

A

closing of the av valves

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6
Q

what makes the dub sound

A

closing of semilunar valves

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7
Q

what is the pulmonary circuit

A

superior and inferior vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary trunk, lungs

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8
Q

What is the systemic circuit

A

lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic semilunar valve, aorta, body tissues

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9
Q

what is the coronary circuit

A

lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic semilunar valve, aorta, heart tissue, coronary sinus, cardiac veins

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10
Q

define atherosclerotic plaque

A

fatty deposits in the lining of coronary arteries

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11
Q

define angina pectoris

A

chest pain from exertion that subsides when the activity is stopped

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12
Q

define myocardial infarction (MI)

A

when there is a 100% blockage in a coronary artery

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13
Q

define angioplasty

A

procedure using a catheter with a small balloon that is inflated at sites of atherosclerosis to widen the lumen

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14
Q

define coronary bypass

A

procedure where a vessel is grafted onto the heart to go around a partially blocked region

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15
Q

what ions prolong the peak of the action potential in cardiac muscle

A

calcium ions

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16
Q

what does a myogram do

A

measures the tension produced by muscle

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17
Q

what is the conduction system in order

A

sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle, R+L bundle, purkinje fiber

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18
Q

what does the p wave represent on an ECG

A

atrial depolarization

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19
Q

what is the QRS complex representing

A

ventricular depolarization

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20
Q

what does the t wave represent

A

ventricular repolarization

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21
Q

define arrhythmia

A

any abnormality in the electrical activity of the heart; many types; can be detected with electrocardiograms

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22
Q

define tachycardia

A

heart rate greater than 100 bpm

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23
Q

define bradycardia

A

heart rate less than 60 bpm

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24
Q

define fibrillation

A

out of phase electrical activity, heart is useless as a pump

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25
Q

What are the steps in the cardiac cycle

A
  1. Heart in diastole - av valves open and ventricles fill
  2. Atrial systole
  3. Begin ventricular systole - av valves close
  4. Mid to late Ventricular systole - ventricular psi is greater than artery psi
  5. Being ventricular diastole - ventricular psi less than psi in artery; semilunar valves close
26
Q

How do you determine Cardiac Output

A

multiple bpm by the rest of the stroke volume

27
Q

what is cardiac output

A

volume of blood pumped by the heart in one minute

28
Q

what is stroke volume

A

volume of blood pumped per ventricle in one beat

29
Q

what is EDV (preload)

A

volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole

30
Q

What is ESV

A

volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of systole

31
Q

what is preload

A

degree to which ventricles are stretched at EDV

32
Q

what is afterload

A

pressure against which the ventricles must pump

33
Q

stretching of the atria stimulates this reflex

A

atrial/ bainbridge reflex

34
Q

when there is a ______ in venous, there is a ________ in heart rate and force of contraction

A

increase; increase

35
Q

in venous return and filling time tachycardia has a ______ in filling time

A

decrease

36
Q

in venous return and filling time in bradycardia has a ______ in filling time

A

increase

37
Q

stretching the ventricles stimulates this reflex

A

starlings law of the heart (more in=more out)

38
Q

The Cardioregulatory Center is in which part of the brain

A

medulla oblongata

39
Q

The parasympathetic NS is associated with which nerves

A

vagus nerves

40
Q

The sympathetic NS is associated with which nerves

A

cardiac nerves

41
Q

What is the neurotransmitter in the parasympathetic NS

A

acetylcholine

42
Q

what is the role of acetylcholine in the parasympathetic NS

A

decrease the Heart Rate and Stroke Volume

43
Q

what is the neurotransmitter in the sympathetic NS

A

norepinephrine

44
Q

what is the role of norepinephrine in the sympathetic NS

A

increase Heart Rate and Stroke Volume

45
Q

What does the suprarenal (adrenal) medulla secrete

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

46
Q

What is the baroreceptor reflexes

A

response to increased BP

47
Q

when CO is increased, BP is ______

A

increased

48
Q

when CO is decreased, BP is ________

A

decreased

49
Q

What is the Baroreceptor Reflex stimulus

A

increased BP

50
Q

what are the Baroreceptor Reflex receptors

A

baroreceptors pertaining to the carotid sinus and aortic arch

51
Q

what are the Baroreceptor Reflex sensory nerves

A

the glossopharyngeal and the vagus nerve

52
Q

what are the Baroreceptor Reflex effectors

A

cardioregulatory center of medulla oblongata (PNS, SNS)

53
Q

what are the Baroreceptor Reflex response

A

decreased blood pressure

54
Q

What is the role of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Mechanism

A

Regulates blood volume + BP

55
Q

What is renin?

A

an enzyme produced by kidneys

56
Q

what does renin do?

A

convert angiotensinogen into angiotensin 1

57
Q

What is aldosterone

A

a hormone produced by the adrenal cortex

58
Q

what does aldosterone do?

A

Targets kidneys to reabsorb Na+ and secrete K+

59
Q

What is ADH

A

a hormone produced by the hypothalamus, and stored in the posterior pituitary

60
Q

What does ADH do

A

targets the kidneys to reabsorb H2O and increase blood volume + blood pressure

Anatomy 2 (8 decks)

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