Chapter 17: Nutrition, Metabolism, and Body Temperature Regulation

Question 1

what reaction requires energy and builds larger molecules form smaller ones

Answer 1

anabolic reaction

Question 2

what is an example of an anabolic reaction

Answer 2

amino acid + amino acid = dipeptide

Question 3

what reaction takes larger molecules and break them down into smaller ones

Answer 3

catabolic reaction

Question 4

what is an example of a catabolic reaction

Answer 4

dipeptide = amino acid + amino acid

Question 5

What is the term for the sum of all chemical reactions in the body

Answer 5

metabolism

Question 6

what is the term for a substance that increases the speed or rate of a chemical reaction

Answer 6

enzyme

Question 7

what is the term for substance that assists enzymes and is made from vitamins or minerals

Answer 7

coenzymes

Question 8

what are some common coenzymes

Answer 8

NAD+, FAD, coenzyme A

Question 9

What type of respiration does not require oxygen

Answer 9

anaerobic respiration

Question 10

what type of respiration requires oxygen

Answer 10

aerobic respiration

Question 11

What is the product of glycolysis; is it a lot or a little

Answer 11

ATP, quick but little ATP

Question 12

what is another name for the citric acid cycle

Answer 12

TCA, Krebs

Question 13

What produces the most amount of ATP in aerobic respiration

Answer 13

the electron transport chain

Question 14

Glucose is only used to make ATP in _____ and ______

Answer 14

RBCs; neurons

Question 15

Where does anaerobic respiration take place

Answer 15

cytosol (cytoplasm)

Question 16

What type of activity is glycolysis important for

Answer 16

strenuous, quick bursts of activity

Question 17

when glucose is turned into __ _______, __ _____ and __ ______ is released

Answer 17

pyruvic acid; 2 ATP; 2 NADH

Question 18

when 2 pyruvic acid are created only _______ of energy from glucose is extracted at this point

Answer 18

10%

Question 19

the 2 pyruvic acid are turned into _______ when no oxygen is available which creates ______

Answer 19

2 lactic acid; 2 Lactate

Question 20

What is the order for the pathway for aerobic respiration

Answer 20

transition reaction, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport System

Question 21

where does NAD+ come from

Answer 21

the vitamin niacin

Question 22

what does NAD+ get reduced to when it accepts a hydrogen (one electron) from glucose

Answer 22

NADH

Question 23

Where do FAD come from

Answer 23

the vitamin riboflavin

Question 24

what does FAD+ get reduced to when it accepts two hydrogen (two electrons) during the TCA cycle

Answer 24

FADH2

Question 25

What is the transition reaction

Answer 25

the conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA

Question 26

What causes the shift from anaerobic to aerobic respiration

Answer 26

the transition reaction

Question 27

what is the term for removing a carboxyl group (COOH) to form _______

Answer 27

decarboxylation; CO2

Question 28

where does Coenzyme A come from

Answer 28

the vitamin pantothenic acid

Question 29

what is the equation for the transition reaction

Answer 29

pyruvate (3C) + Coenzyme A --> acetyl CoA + NADH + CO2

Question 30

When oxygen is not available pyruvate becomes ____ ___

Answer 30

lactic acid

Question 31

When oxygen is available pyruvate becomes _____ ____

Answer 31

Acetyl CoA

Question 32

when pyruvate is being turned into Acetyl CoA NAD+ is reduced to ______ and _____ is released

Answer 32

NADH; CO2

Question 33

Acetyl CoA transfers its _____ _____ to __________ which then becomes _____ _____ in order for the citric acid cycle to begin

Answer 33

acetyl group; oxaloacetate: citric acid

Question 34

What happens to NADH after acetyl CoA is formed

Answer 34

is gets transported to the ETS

Question 35

A removal of ______ forms ______ and citric acid (6C) becomes ______

Answer 35

carbon atom; CO2; 5C

Question 36

During the Krebs Cycle how many NADH are created and how many FADH2 are created

Answer 36

3 NADH; 1 FADH2

Question 37

when 5C is converted back to oxaloacetate, ______ + ____ come together to form ______

Answer 37

ADP; P; ATP

Question 38

the electron transport chain begins with _______ dropping off its ______ to a protein which allows H+ to enter inner membrane

Answer 38

NADH; 2 electrons

Question 39

the second step in the ETC happens when ______ drops of its _____ to another protein which allow H+ to enter inner membrane

Answer 39

FADH2; 2 electrons

Question 40

The third step in ETC, the electrons are taken to _____ _______ where oxygen take the electrons to create _______

Answer 40

cytochrom oxidase; water

Question 41

In the fourth step of ETC, ____ _________ allows H+ to follow from high to low cause _____ and ____ to form to create ______

Answer 41

ATP Synthase; ADP; P; ATP

Question 42

Glycolysis, transition, and Krebs yield ____ NADH

Answer 42

10

Question 43

1 NADH yields ___ ATP

Answer 43

3

Question 44

1 FADH2 yields ___ ATP

Answer 44

2

Question 45

The ETS, Glycolysis, and Krebs make how much ATP per glucose

Answer 45

38

Question 46

what yields much more ATP than glucose

Answer 46

fatty acids

Question 47

an excessive oxidation of fatty acids creates _____

Answer 47

ketones

Question 48

what are examples of polysaccharides

Answer 48

starch, glycogen, cellulose

Question 49

what is a popular form of starch and where is it stored

Answer 49

amylose; plants

Question 50

glycogen is stored in the ____ and _____ as a form of _______

Answer 50

liver; muscles; glucose

Question 51

How do you make Sucrose

Answer 51

glucose + fructose

Question 52

which simple sugar is commonly known as table sugar

Answer 52

sucrose

Question 53

how do you make maltose

Answer 53

glucose + glucose

Question 54

how do you make lactose

Answer 54

glucose + galactose

Question 55

term for the formation of glycogen from glucose

Answer 55

glycogenesis

Question 56

carbohydrates are converted to fat because of an excess of _____

Answer 56

acetyl CoA

Question 57

How is fat from carbs stored

Answer 57

as a triglyceride in adipose tissue

Question 58

term for the synthesis of new glucose from non-carbs

Answer 58

gluconeogenesis

Question 59

what is used for gluconeogensis

Answer 59

glycerol + lactate + amino acids

Question 60

what is the term for the production of adipose

Answer 60

lipogenesis

Question 61

When fat and protein are burned excessively what happens

Answer 61

excess of keto-acids are formed and blood pH decreases

Question 62

what are two essential fatty acids that are needed for hormones and the cell membrane

Answer 62

omega 3 and omega 6

Question 63

how do you get omega 3

Answer 63

through fish oils

Question 64

how do you get omega 6

Answer 64

through seeds and nuts

Question 65

how many amino acids are important to humans

Answer 65

20

Question 66

how many essential amino acids are there

Answer 66

9

Question 67

what are the structural proteins

Answer 67

actin, myosin, collagen

Question 68

most enzymes are ______

Answer 68

proteins

Question 69

What is the term for converting one amino acid into a different one

Answer 69

transamination

Question 70

what is the term for the removal of an amine group

Answer 70

deamination

Question 71

what is the term for build up of uric acid in blood

Answer 71

hyperuricemia

Question 72

What is the disorder that is caused from a build up of uric acid crystals in joints, especially the great toe

Answer 72

gouty arthritis

Question 73

what increases the chance of gouty arthritis

Answer 73

high organ meat, red meat, and alcohol consumption

Question 74

what are the fat-soluble vitamins

Answer 74

A, D, E, K

Question 75

where are the fat soluble vitamins stored

Answer 75

the liver and adipose

Question 76

what are the water soluble vitamins

Answer 76

B and C vitamins

Question 77

what are examples of antioxidants

Answer 77

beta carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E