Chapter 14: Lymphatic System and Immunity Flashcards
What are the functions of the Lymphatic System
fluid balance and absorption, absorb dietary fats, defense
Why is fluid balance and absorption important
prevents edema
How many liters are absorbed by the tissues
3
where are dietary fats absorbed
the small intestine
What are responsible for defense
WBCs in the lymphatic organs
what is the name of the fluid inside lymphatic vessels
lymph
What is the flow of lymph
lymphatic capillaries, lacteals, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic collecting ducts, thoracic duct, right lymphatic duct
Where are lacteals located and what do they do
small intestine, absorb fat
lymphatic vessels resemble _____ because they have _______
veins; valves
Where does the thoracic duct drain to
drains to the Left Subclavian vein
Where does the right lymphatic duct drain to
the Right Subclavian vein
What helps lymph flow towards the subclavian veins
Muscle contraction, deep breathing, lymphatic vessel contractions
deep breathing causes changes in _______ in ______ and _________
pressure; thoracic; abdominal cavities
what do valves prevent
backflow
what is lymphedema
fluid accumulation in tissues caused by blocked or removed lymph vessels
Tonsils are an outgrowth on the ______
pharynx wall
lymph nodes are located ______ the body
throughout
the most common areas to find lymph nodes are
cervical, axillary, and inguinal regions
what is the spleen
it is the largest lymphatic organ located in the upper left abdominal cavity
what is the thymus gland
a gland that is larger and more active during childhood
what is another name for the pharyngeal tonsils
nasopharynx “adenoids”
Where are the palatine tonsils
oropharynx
where are the lingual tonsils
oropharynx at the base of the tongue
Where are T/B Cells and macrophages located
lymphatic nodules
where do B cells divide
the germinal center
True or False: T and B cells are exposed to foreign antigens as lymph flows into the lymph node
true
True or False: the spleen is a blood filter
True
What are the functions of the spleen
degrade dead/dying RBCs, Stores Iron, Blood filter and blood reservoir, Initiates immune responses from T and B cells
What is the hormone that stimulate T cell maturation
thymosins
How do infants and child build immunity
through exposure to pathogens
Which type of immunity are you born with?
innate immunity; nonspecific immunity
What is innate immunity’s job
the first line of defense against pathogens
what makes up your innate immunity?
physical barriers, chemical mediators, leukocytes, and inflammation
what are the physical barriers
skin, mucous membranes
what are the chemical mediators
interferons, complements
what do interferons do
interfere with viral replication
what are complements and what do they do
enzymes; remove antigen-antibody complexes
what are the classic local inflammation signs
redness, swelling, heat, and pain
what is systemic inflammation
inflammation throughout the body
fever is stimulated by ______
pyrogens
what are the benefits of fever
promoting interferon activity, increase in metabolic rate speeds tissue repair, inhibiting bacterial and viral replication
what are self antigens
antigens that present on our own cells
what are foreign antigens
not recognized as our own
what is an autoimmune disease
when the immune system attacks self antigens
what lymphocytes are responsible for adaptive immunity
T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes are responsible for what type of immunity
cell-mediated immunity
B lymphocytes are responsible for what type of immunity
antibody-mediated immunity
what are the two T lymphocyte types
cytotoxic T cells (CD8+ cells) and Helper T cells (CD4+ cells)
what do cytotoxic T cells do
kills infected cells
What do Helper T cells do
coordinates all aspects of the immune response; the “heart” of the immune response
What are TCRs
T cell receptors; they bind with antigens
What do plasma cells do
produce antibodies
where are naive T and B cells produced
the bone marrow
Where do pre T cells go to mature
the thymus
where do B cells mature
red bone marrow
True or False: T and B cells circulate in lymph vessels and nodes, spleens, and lymphatic nodules under epithelium, they are also in blood
True
What does MHC stand for
Major Histocompatibility Complex
Where are Class 1 MHCs displayed
any cell with a nucleus
what recognizes Class 1 MHCs
cytotoxic T Cells then stimulate apoptosis
Where are Class 2 MHCs displayed
macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells
What recognizes Class 2 MHCs
Helper T cells
What are APCs
antigen presenting cells (macrophages and Dendritic cells)
What do APCs do
show foreign antigens to helper T cells
What is the process for Helper T Cell activation
1) macrophage eats antigen and processes
2) MHC Class 2 presents antigen to helper T cells (TCR binding and recognition of antigen occurs)
3) Cytokines costimulate helper T cells.
4) Helper T cell clones
5) some daughter cells become memory cells
What are interleukins
the most diverse and important chemicals of the immune system
what are tumor necrosis factors
kill tumor cells, slow growth
How to Cytotoxic T cells kill
apoptosis and perforins
What is the process for B cell activation
1) B cell processes antigen and is now sensitized and can show it to a Helper T cell
2) Helper T costimulation of B cell
3) B cell clones and differentiates into plasma cells
4) Plasma cells secrete antibodies against foreign antigen
What are the classes of antibodies
IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD
True or False: Complement enzymes activated by antigen-antibody complexes - kills bacterial cells
true
What is the IgG antibody known for
being the most common
What is the IgM antibody known for
primary immune response
What is the IgA antibody known for
being found in saliva, tears, mucous membranes
What is the IgE antibody known for
inflammation, allergies
What is the IgD antibody known for
acting as B cell receptors for antigens
What is the PLAN of attack for antibodies
phagocytosis, loves inflammation/-lysis, agglutination, neutralization
Is the primary response or secondary response rapid and more powerful
secondary response
For active immunity, how do you naturally acquire it?
by getting sick
For active immunity, how to you artificially acquire it?
you get vaccinated
For passive immunity, how do you naturally acquire it?
antibodies transferred form mom to fetus via the placenta OR mom to baby through breast feeding.
For passive immunity, how do you artificially acquire it?
you are given a shot with antibodies (gamma globulins)
True or False: innate immunity and adaptive immunity rely on each other
true
What is Graves disease
hyperthyroidism
What is rheumatoid arthritis
crippling arthritis
what is systemic lupus erythematosus
disease of connective tissues
what is Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
autoantibodies attack beta cells of the pancreas
what is vasculitis
inflammation of blood vessels
