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Anatomy 2 > Chapter 15: Respiratory System > Flashcards

Chapter 15: Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system

A

gas exchange, control pH, Vocal communication, innate immunity

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2
Q

What is included in the upper respiratory tract

A

external nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx

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3
Q

What is included in the lower respiratory tracts

A

larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

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4
Q

What tissue is the mucous membrane lined with

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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5
Q

What type of tissue are alveoli made of

A

simple squamous epithelium

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6
Q

What are type 1 Pneumocytes

A

simple squamous epithelial cells

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7
Q

What are type 2 pneumocytes (septal cells)

A

surfactant

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8
Q

what is a surfactant

A

keeps alveoli inflated

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9
Q

What type of disease infects Type 2 Pneumocytes

A

SARCS-CoV-2

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10
Q

What are “dust” cells

A

macrophages that phagocytizes particles

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11
Q

What are some respiratory distress syndromes

A

Infant respiratory distress syndrome, Adult respiratory distress syndrome, and Severe acute respiratory syndrome

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12
Q

What does the respiratory membrane consist of?

A

alveolar epithelium, capillary epithelium, and shared basement membrane

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13
Q

What are the layers of the lung, outer to inner

A

parietal pleura, pleural cavity, visceral pleura

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14
Q

What is the purpose of serous fluid

A

it acts as a lubricant and holds the pleural membranes together

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15
Q

what is pleurisy and what does it do?

A

it is inflammation of pleural membranes; causes difficulty breathing (dyspnea)

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16
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have and what are they called

A

3; superior, middle, inferior

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17
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have and what are they called

A

2; superior, inferior

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18
Q

pleural cavity pressure is _______

A

negative

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19
Q

serous fluid creates ___________

A

surface adhesion between H2O and membranes

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20
Q

What is compliance

A

how easily the lungs expand

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21
Q

What is pneumothorax

A

air enters the chest

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22
Q

what is atelectasis

A

a lung collapse

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23
Q

What are the side effects of cigarette smoking

A

paralyzed cilia, increase mucous, decreased oxygen carrying capacity, carbon particles, macrophages

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24
Q

what are the side effects of vaping

A

small airway fibrosis, constrictive bronchiolitis, overexpression of MUC5AC gel protein in airway

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25
Q

What does COPD stand for

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

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26
Q

what is COPD

A

Emphysema and chronic bronchitis

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27
Q

What is emphysema

A

reduced elasticity and reduced alveolar surface area

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28
Q

Changes in _______ result in changes in ________

A

volume; pressure

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29
Q

Air flows from an area of _____________ to an area of _________ along a __________

A

higher pressure; lower pressure; gradient

30
Q

atmospheric pressure = ________________

A

intrapulmonary pressure (no air movement)

31
Q

What is Boyle’s Law

A

the pressure of a gas varies inversely with its volume

32
Q

quiet inspiration is _____

A

active

33
Q

what muscles are used during quiet inspiration

A

diaphragm (phrenic nerves) and external intercostals

34
Q

When your diaphragm is relaxed volume _______ and pressure _______

A

decreases; increases

35
Q

When you diaphragm is contracting, volume _______ and pressure ________

A

increases; decreases

36
Q

Deeper breathing involves which muscles

A

serratus anterior, sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis minor

37
Q

quiet expiration is a ______ process, meaning there is no ________

A

passive; active muscle contraction

38
Q

air moves out because intra-alveolar pressure is ______ than atmospheric pressure

A

lower

39
Q

Forced expiration uses which muscles

A

Internal intercostals and abdominal muscles

40
Q

What is Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

A

in a mixture of gases, the total pressure equals the sum of each gas’ partial pressure

41
Q

What is the value for atmospheric pressure

A

760 mm Hg

42
Q

When is the rate of diffusion faster?

A

when the gradient is steeper

43
Q

What is the respiratory membrane thickness

A

it is thin to facilitate gas exchange

44
Q

What is the total surface area of the lungs

A

alveolar surface area of each lung would cover a tennis court

45
Q

CO2 is ______in the blood and ______ in the alveoli

A

higher; lower

46
Q

CO2 move into the _____

A

alveoli

47
Q

O2 moves into the _____

A

blood

48
Q

What percentage of O2 binds to Hemoglobin

A

98.5%

49
Q

what does the binding of O2 to hemoglobin form

A

oxyhemoglobin, HbO2

50
Q

what percent of O2 dissolves into plasma

A

1.5%

51
Q

Tissue conditions that enhance oxygen unloading (release) from hemoglobin are because of

A

low O2, low pH, high PCO2, high temp

52
Q

Hb affinity for _______ is much ________ than for O2

A

CO; higher

53
Q

How much CO2 is in plasma

A

7%

54
Q

how much CO2 is attached to hemoglobin

A

23%

55
Q

What is the name of CO2 binding to hemoglobing

A

carbaminohemaglobin

56
Q

What percent of CO2 is converted to bicarbonate ions

A

70%

57
Q

The enzyme, carbonic anhydrase quickly catalyzes what reaction

A

CO2 + H2O –> H2CO3 –> H+ +HCO3-

58
Q

What buffers H+

A

hemoglobin

59
Q

What is the Bohr Effect

A

low tissue pH –> Hb releases O2 to tissues

60
Q

What is Chloride Shift

A

Bicarbonate ions move out of RBC and Chloride ion move into RBCs

61
Q

What is the responsibility of the Respiratory Center of Medulla Oblongata

A

controls the basic rhythm of breathing

62
Q

What is the dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

A

quiet breathing, contraction of diaphragm

63
Q

What is the ventral respiratory group (VRP)

A

forced breathing

64
Q

What is the pontine respiratory group (PONS)

A

transition between breaths

65
Q

What is the Hering-Breuer reflex

A

stretch receptors around the alveoli and airway prevent overinflation; more important in newborn and infants

66
Q

What do the carotid and aortic body chemoreceptors do?

A

monitor arterial blood

67
Q

what do the medulla oblongata chemoreceptors do

A

monitor CSF

68
Q

What do chemoreceptors respond to in the control of breathing

A

changes in CO2, O2, and pH

69
Q

What are some other stimuli for the carotid and aortic body chemoreceptors

A

high PCO2, low pH, low PO2 in arterial blood

70
Q

What is the process of causing stimulus in medulla oblongata chemoreceptors

A

CO2 moves into the CSF and forms H+ which bind to the central chemoreceptors

71
Q

What is the most important chemical regulator of respiration

A

CO2

72
Q

What is the purpose of control of breathing

A

homeostasis of pH when carbonic acid decreases the pH of blood

Anatomy 2 (8 decks)

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