Chapter 15: Respiratory System Flashcards
What are the functions of the respiratory system
gas exchange, control pH, Vocal communication, innate immunity
What is included in the upper respiratory tract
external nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx
What is included in the lower respiratory tracts
larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
What tissue is the mucous membrane lined with
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
What type of tissue are alveoli made of
simple squamous epithelium
What are type 1 Pneumocytes
simple squamous epithelial cells
What are type 2 pneumocytes (septal cells)
surfactant
what is a surfactant
keeps alveoli inflated
What type of disease infects Type 2 Pneumocytes
SARCS-CoV-2
What are “dust” cells
macrophages that phagocytizes particles
What are some respiratory distress syndromes
Infant respiratory distress syndrome, Adult respiratory distress syndrome, and Severe acute respiratory syndrome
What does the respiratory membrane consist of?
alveolar epithelium, capillary epithelium, and shared basement membrane
What are the layers of the lung, outer to inner
parietal pleura, pleural cavity, visceral pleura
What is the purpose of serous fluid
it acts as a lubricant and holds the pleural membranes together
what is pleurisy and what does it do?
it is inflammation of pleural membranes; causes difficulty breathing (dyspnea)
How many lobes does the right lung have and what are they called
3; superior, middle, inferior
How many lobes does the left lung have and what are they called
2; superior, inferior
pleural cavity pressure is _______
negative
serous fluid creates ___________
surface adhesion between H2O and membranes
What is compliance
how easily the lungs expand
What is pneumothorax
air enters the chest
what is atelectasis
a lung collapse
What are the side effects of cigarette smoking
paralyzed cilia, increase mucous, decreased oxygen carrying capacity, carbon particles, macrophages
what are the side effects of vaping
small airway fibrosis, constrictive bronchiolitis, overexpression of MUC5AC gel protein in airway
What does COPD stand for
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
what is COPD
Emphysema and chronic bronchitis
What is emphysema
reduced elasticity and reduced alveolar surface area
Changes in _______ result in changes in ________
volume; pressure
Air flows from an area of _____________ to an area of _________ along a __________
higher pressure; lower pressure; gradient
atmospheric pressure = ________________
intrapulmonary pressure (no air movement)
What is Boyle’s Law
the pressure of a gas varies inversely with its volume
quiet inspiration is _____
active
what muscles are used during quiet inspiration
diaphragm (phrenic nerves) and external intercostals
When your diaphragm is relaxed volume _______ and pressure _______
decreases; increases
When you diaphragm is contracting, volume _______ and pressure ________
increases; decreases
Deeper breathing involves which muscles
serratus anterior, sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis minor
quiet expiration is a ______ process, meaning there is no ________
passive; active muscle contraction
air moves out because intra-alveolar pressure is ______ than atmospheric pressure
lower
Forced expiration uses which muscles
Internal intercostals and abdominal muscles
What is Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
in a mixture of gases, the total pressure equals the sum of each gas’ partial pressure
What is the value for atmospheric pressure
760 mm Hg
When is the rate of diffusion faster?
when the gradient is steeper
What is the respiratory membrane thickness
it is thin to facilitate gas exchange
What is the total surface area of the lungs
alveolar surface area of each lung would cover a tennis court
CO2 is ______in the blood and ______ in the alveoli
higher; lower
CO2 move into the _____
alveoli
O2 moves into the _____
blood
What percentage of O2 binds to Hemoglobin
98.5%
what does the binding of O2 to hemoglobin form
oxyhemoglobin, HbO2
what percent of O2 dissolves into plasma
1.5%
Tissue conditions that enhance oxygen unloading (release) from hemoglobin are because of
low O2, low pH, high PCO2, high temp
Hb affinity for _______ is much ________ than for O2
CO; higher
How much CO2 is in plasma
7%
how much CO2 is attached to hemoglobin
23%
What is the name of CO2 binding to hemoglobing
carbaminohemaglobin
What percent of CO2 is converted to bicarbonate ions
70%
The enzyme, carbonic anhydrase quickly catalyzes what reaction
CO2 + H2O –> H2CO3 –> H+ +HCO3-
What buffers H+
hemoglobin
What is the Bohr Effect
low tissue pH –> Hb releases O2 to tissues
What is Chloride Shift
Bicarbonate ions move out of RBC and Chloride ion move into RBCs
What is the responsibility of the Respiratory Center of Medulla Oblongata
controls the basic rhythm of breathing
What is the dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
quiet breathing, contraction of diaphragm
What is the ventral respiratory group (VRP)
forced breathing
What is the pontine respiratory group (PONS)
transition between breaths
What is the Hering-Breuer reflex
stretch receptors around the alveoli and airway prevent overinflation; more important in newborn and infants
What do the carotid and aortic body chemoreceptors do?
monitor arterial blood
what do the medulla oblongata chemoreceptors do
monitor CSF
What do chemoreceptors respond to in the control of breathing
changes in CO2, O2, and pH
What are some other stimuli for the carotid and aortic body chemoreceptors
high PCO2, low pH, low PO2 in arterial blood
What is the process of causing stimulus in medulla oblongata chemoreceptors
CO2 moves into the CSF and forms H+ which bind to the central chemoreceptors
What is the most important chemical regulator of respiration
CO2
What is the purpose of control of breathing
homeostasis of pH when carbonic acid decreases the pH of blood
