FINAL EXAM Flashcards
HEALTH PROMOTION
- helps people maintain or enhance their presence health
- motivates people to engage in healthy regime i.e.. exercising, good nutrition, to reach a more stable level of health
chronic illness
- A pt. and their family’s subjective experience of & response to a chronic disease
health disparities
- Differences in the incidence, prevalence, mortality rate, and burden of diseases
Affect population groups based on age, gender, ethnicity, socio-economic status, sexual orientation, disability
Occurs when a group has a higher incidence than another
- Ethnicity, race and culture
- Geographic location
- Income
- Education
- Occupation
- Health literacy
- Gender
- Age
Healthy people 2020
- A framework that increases its focus on health promotion, and disease precention
- leading health indicators which are high priority health issues
- Hrt. disease
- stroke
- HIV
- injury and prevention
- LGBTQ+ health
- mental health
- oral health
- older adult health
- physical activity promotion
- cancer
- diabetes
- MORE
Primary Health Promotion
- promotes prevention and health before a person is diagnosed with any diseases
- prevention of disease and injuries
Examples
* immunization clinic
* family planning services
* providing poision control information
* accident prevention education
* promoting exercise
Empasis on EDUCATION and prevention
secondary health promotion
- focuses on screening for early detection
- identifies a illness and interventions to reverse or reduce severity or provide a cure
- assessment for children for normal growth and development
Examples
- annual health screenings and exams
- dental appointments for teeth cleaning and clavity checks
- blood pressure screening event in the community
- vision exams
Tertiary prevention
- beings after a diagnosis
- aims at providing rehab with the goal of reducing disability for pt.
Examples
* PT
* OT
* rehab
* surgical trtment
* support groups
* therapy
* job therapy
maslows hierachy of needs
- Physiological needs
* food, water, warmth and rest - security needs
* security and saftey - belongingness and love needs
* intimate relationships and friends - self-actualization
* self-esteem and feeling of accomplishment - self-actualization
* Acheiving one’s full potential
Prochaska’s Theory of needs
(stages of preparation)
Pre-contemplation
- The cons outweigh the pro’s… the person needs to do more research before they’re willing to make a change
Contemplation
- Person starts thinking about making a change, but is not quite there yet. Usually they’ll consider making a change within the next 6 months.
Preparation
- Person is making small lifestyle changes in their life
Action
- Person is actually stopping the habit & is taking measures. Previous habits become barriers to change
Maintenance
- Person is consistent & integrates lifestyle changes
Relapse
- Person falls back into habit
Dimension of Health
- nurses are pt’s adovates
- nurses must understand pt’s view of health care
peplaus’s theory
orientation phase
* Problem–> nurse + pt 1st interaction
* services needed
identification phase
* chooses the most appropriate assessment
- the pt begins to have a sense of belonging
Exploration phase
* nursing implementation
Resolution phase
* Termination of professional relationship between pt and healthcare worker
- Evaluation phase
health belief model
- What people perceive and believe to be true about themselves regarding health
- Explains why certain people take measures to prevent/ treat diseases or illnesses
*People will change if they believe that the benefits outweighs the risks
health promotion model
- How people interact with the environment to pursue health
- Individual experiences, beliefs, knowledge, nd characteristics MOTIVATE health promoting behavior
Increased well-being
Outcome→ behavior that is health related, which is directed towards attaining positive health outcomes and experiences throughout the lifespan
- environmental influence and self-efficacy= likelihood of change
- Value expectancy: the idea that a person has a behavior that is rational and economical
EMIC DIMENSION
- Subjective view from individual or group experiences of health
- Patient values opinions of self/group
EMIT DIMENSION
- Objective view from a healthcare professional
- Pt values opinions of docs, nurses and trained health care providers
- Outsider approach
Dynamics of therapeutic relationships
- trust= belief that others are capable of assisting in times of distress and will do as too
- empathy= ability to walk a mile in another persons shoes
- autonomy= ability to direct and control ones activities and destiny
- caring= energy that allows caregivers to unconditionally accept all people even wen they are most unlovable
- hope= expectation of achieving a future good
Goals of a therapeutic relationship
- Directed energy between 2 people
- Mvm of pt towards constructive ways of thinking and effective ways of coping
TRANSFERENCE
TRANSFERRING FEELINGS ABOUT A PERSON TO ANOTHER UNRELATED PERSON
COUNTERTRANSFERNCE
TRANSFERRING OF NURSES FEELINGS ONTO THE CLIENT
COMMUNICATING WITH THE HEARING IMPAIRED
- Speak very distinctly
- Do not shout
- Speak slowly
- Get the person’s attention
- Maintain a good distance (2 1/2 to 4 feet)
- Watch for nonverbal feedback
- Use short sentences
- Paraphrase for clarification
- Sign language
COMMUNICATING WITH PT WITH VISUAL IMPAIRMENT
- Braille-prepared computers
- Ensure well-lit, glare-free examination rooms
- Avoid loud noises and unexpected movement
- Use large type and clear handwriting
- Use large pictures and videos
- Dysphasic: objects, spelling boards, computers
Communicating with Children
- Approach at eye level
- Use a calm, friendly voice
- Keep parent in the room when possible
- Use short sentences
- Give simple explanations and demonstrations
- Allow child to handle equipment
- Use toys and play
- Offer choices when they exist
- Allow children to express fears
THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS
- Interpersonal communication is a complex process
- Communication occurs when one person sends a message and another person receives it, processes it, and indicates that the message has been interpreted
- Continual circular process between the sender and receiver
- Can be either verbal or nonverbal
- Used to gather, analyze, and interpret information to accomplish work
NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES
NUTRITION IS LESS THAN BODY REQIURES
* Documented inadequate caloric intake
* Dry, brittle, hair or excessive hair loss
* Hyperactive bowel sounds
* Loss of subcutaneous tissue
* Loss of weight or without adequate caloric intake
* Mental irritability or confusion
* Muscle weakness and tenderness, poor tone
* Pale, dry skin
GOAL:
-Patient shows no signs of malnutrition.
- Patient takes an adequate amount of calories or nutrients.
LAB TESTS FOR NUTRITION
- Albumin: visceral protein status (useful for long-term monitoring) 3.5-5 g/dL
- Prealbumin: visceral protein status (useful for short- term monitoring) 20-50 mg/dL
- Lymphocyte count: immune function; > 1500 cells/mm
- Transferrin: iron status (protein for iron absorption and transport); 30-40%
- Hematocrit (HCT): % of blood that is composed of RBCs (low level may mean deficiencies in iron, Vit. B12 and folic acid)
- Urine Specific Gravity: fluid deficit or excess; 1.010-1.020
OBESITY
Primary obesity
* Excess caloric intake for body’s metabolic demands
Secondary obesity
* Chromosomal and congenital anomalies
* Metabolic problems
* CNS lesions and disorders
* Drugs (corticosteroids, antipsychotics)
waist circumference
- people with visceral fat with android obesity are at an increased risk or cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome
- men >40”
- women > 35’
health problems and obesity
- increased mortality rate
- reduced quality of life
weight loss interventions for the obsese
Behavior Modification – Stimulus control; Non-food rewards
Support Groups – Weight Watchers; Take off pounds sensibly (TOPS)
Drug Therapy – Appetite suppressants
Bariatric Surgery – Gastric Banding; Gastric Sleeve
inactivity and immobility effects
- Slows the basal metabolic rate
- Gastrointestinal (GI) motility
- Delays gastric emptying
Manifested as:
* Anorexia
* Constipation
* Increased storage of fat and carbohydrates
* Negative nitrogen balance
physical assessment for mobility
- General ease of movement and gait
- Alignment
- Joint structure and function
- Muscle mass, tone, and strength
- Endurance
- Resources
inactivity and immobility: GU effects
Kidney and bladder function diminishes
- Urinary stasis
- Urinary retention
- Renal calculi
- Urinary tract infection
Dysuria: pain or burning sensation on voiding - Urgency
- Frequency
- Fever
- Small amount
- Reflux of urine (vesicoureteral reflux)
immobility and the skin
Pressure ulcer
* Lesion caused by unrelieved pressure
* Over bony prominences
* Interface pressure
Shear
* Friction injury
* Maceration
benefits of exercise to cardiovascular system
- Increased efficiency of the heart
- Decreased resting heart rate and blood pressure
- Increased blood flow to all body parts
- Improved venous return
- Increased circulating fibrinolysin (substance that breaks up small clots)
Cardiovascular Effects Resulting from Inactivity/Immobility:
- Deconditioning occurs without exercise; this is a risk for CV disease
BMI for children and teens
- less than 5th percentile= underweight
- 5th percentile to lessthan the 85th percentile= healthy weight
- 85th percentile to less than the 95th percentile= overweight
- 95th percentile or greater= obese
BMI
- underweight= <18.5
- normal=18.5-24.9
- overweight=25-29.9
- obese= 30-34.9
- extremly obese= 35<
nursing problem
Nutrition - Health-seeking
* Need for proper nutrition
Nutrition: less than body requires
* Nutritional deficiencies
Nutrition: more than body requires
* Obesity
* Diet high in nutrients such as fats, carbohydrates,
or sodium
cardiovascular effects resulting from inactivity/ immobility
- Valsalva maneuver
- Reflex bradycardia
Syncope
Heart attack - Orthostatic intolerance
Drop in blood pressure for 1 or 2 minutes when client stands (orthostatic or postural hypotension) - Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
- Pulmonary embolism
