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Human Experience > Exam 2; respiratory > Flashcards

Exam 2; respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

fxn of upper respiratory tract

A

warm, filter, humidify inspired air

nose, pharynx, larynx, epiglottis, trachea

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2
Q

fxn of lower respiratory tract

A

conduction of air, mucocillary clearance, production of pulmonary surfactant

bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli

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3
Q

inspiration

A

the active phase of ventilation
-involves the mvmt of mm and the thorax to bring air into the lungs

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4
Q

expiration

A

the passive phase of ventilation
-mvmt of air out of the lungs

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5
Q

hypoventilation

A

occurs when a reduced amount of air enters the alveoli in the lungs, resulting in decreased lvls of oxygen and increased lvls of co2 in the blood

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6
Q

hyperventilation

A

overbreathing, ventilation exceeds the metabolic demand causing abnormally low levels of co2 in the blood

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7
Q

dyspnea

A

difficulty breathing, shortness of breath

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8
Q

hypoxia

A

inadequate amount of oxygen available to the cells in your tissues

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9
Q

hypoxemia

A

below normal level of oxygen in your blood (arteries)

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10
Q

hypercapnia

A

greater than normal amounts of co2 in the blood; result of hypoventilation

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11
Q

bronchoconstriction

A

constriction of the airways in the lungs due to the tightening of surrounding smooth mm, with consequent coughing, wheezing and shortness of breath

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12
Q

bronchodilation

A

an expansion of the air passages through the bronchi of the lungs.

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13
Q

hemoptysis

A

coughing up of blood-stained mucus from the bronchi, larynx, trachea, or lungs

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14
Q

atelectasis

A

collapsed alveoli

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15
Q

assessment of respiratory system subjective data

A

past health history-respiratory, allergies or other body systems
-meds
-surgery or other systems
-smoking
-avtivity tolerance
-sleep issues
-work or hobbies (dust, asbestos)

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16
Q

assessment of respiratory system (objective data)

A

normal breath sounds

vesicular- low-pitched soft sound during expiration heard over most of the lungs

bronchial- high pitched and longer; heard over the trachea

bronchovesicular- med pitch and sound during expiration, heard over the upper anterior chest and intercostal area

abnormal/adventitious breath sounds
crackles: intermittent sounds occurs when air moves through the airways that contain fluid– fine, med or course

wheezes: continuous sounds heard on expiration and sometimes on inspiration as air passes through airways constricted by swelling, secretions or tumors

17
Q

respiratory system (objective data)

A

pulse oximetry= 94-99%

Radiology—no metal; check pregnancy
Chest x-ray—most common
Computed tomography (CT)
Nursing: check allergy to contrast/iodine; renal function; encourage hydration before and after; feel warm and flushed with injection
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Nursing: screen for/remove all metal; check implantable devices; address claustrophobia (sedation)
Ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan
Pulmonary angiogram
Nursing: contrast media precautions, pressure dressing to injection site; monitor distal circulation
Positron emission tomography (PET)
Nursing: NPO prior; monitor glucose levels; encourage fluids

18
Q

sputum studies

A

expectoration, suctioning or bronchoscopy for sample

skin tests-intradermal injection
-allergies, TB

pulmonary fxn test
-measures lung volumes and airflow
-spirometer and computer calculate values

19
Q

respiratory fxn INFANT

A

normal: lungs are transformed from fluid-filled structures to air-filled organs

small chest, short airways and aspiration is a potential problem

rapid respiratory rate and respiratory activity is abnormal

crackles heard at the end of deep respiration are normal

20
Q

abnormal respiratory in INFANTS

A

apnea of prematurly
respiratory distress syndrome
patent ductus arteriosus

21
Q

respiratory fxn TODDLER

A

abnormal respiratory
upper respiratory infections
-nasopharyngitis
-pharyngitis
-tonsilitis
-airways obstruction
-asthma
-chocking episodes
-accidental suffocation
-accidental aspiration
-accidental poisoning

22
Q

respiratory fxn CHILD

A

some subcutaneous fat on the chest wall
-eustachian tubes, bronchi, and bronchioles are elongated and less angular
-the average number of routine colds and infections decrease until children enter daycare/ school
-good hygiene and tissue etiquette are encouraged

23
Q

respiratory fxxn child and adolescents

A

-exposure to second hand smoke
-smoking at an early age
using dangerous inhalants

24
Q

respiratory fxn older adult

A

kyphosis
-barrel chest
-increased risk for disease
-reduced immune system

25
upper respiratory disorders symptoms
-cough -nasal discharge -conjuctivites -layngitis -low grade temp -rhinitis -sore throat -watery eyes
26
upper respiratory infection management
increase fluid intake -frequent rest periods -cough expectorants:guaifenesin -cough suppressants:dextromethorphan
27
allergic rhinitis
inflammation of nasal mucosa cause:seasonal (pollen) or environmental allergen sneezing, watery itchy eyes and nose, congestion, decreased smell, thin nasal drainage episodic-sporadic exposure intermittent-less than 4days/week persistant-greater than 4 days/week
28
acute viral rhinopharyngitis
common cold transmission:airborne droplets that transmit the virus beings with burning sensation @ the back of the nose followed by nasal stuffiness, rhinorrhea and sneezing chills, low grad fever & headache are symptoms watery & profuse nasal discharge
29
acute viral Rhinopharyngitis
symptom relief: rest, fluids, proper diet, decongestants vitamin C, zinc report worsening symptoms
30
influenza
highly contagious; increased morbidity and mortality peak season- December- February influenza A---most common & virulent mutated viruses-- no immunity pandemics=world wide spread epidemic=localized outbreaks transmitted by infected droplets @risk population= children under 2, adults over 65, ppl living in institutional settings, ppl with chronic diseases, pregnant women, immunocompromised, healthcare personnel
31
influenza
abrupt onset about 7 days: chills, fever, myalgia, headache, cough, sore throat, fatigue can cause: pneumonia, ear/sinus infection viral cultures & rapid influenza diagnosis tests (RIDTs) can test for influenza
32
influenza management
flu shot, takes 2 weeks for antibody production advocate vax for those 6 months and older flu treatment must be started within 48 hr of initial flu symptoms
33
acute pharyngitis
inflammation of pharyngeal wall; tonsils, palate & uvula viral, bacterial (strep-throat), fungal (candidiasis) sore throat, red, swollen pharynx, absent cough, neck, head and mm pain, white patches, rash may be present rapid antigen test/ throat culture (diagnosis)
34
acute pharyngitis
oral penicillin- response within 24 hr. take full course of antibiotics to avoid adverse affects candida; antifungal- swig and swallow Implementation: warm salt water gargle, avoid irritating foods (carbonated drinks, lonzenges, humidifier, soft food diet, drink warm liquids
35
nursing diagnosis for pt with upper respiratory disorders
risk for aspiration- inability to coordinate breathing, coughing or swallowing difficulty swallowing or discomfort// sore throat -fatigue// increased energy requirements and metabolic demands -insomnia// difficulty breathing, positioning required for effective breathing
36
ineffective airway clearance
--increased production of sputum --stridor, wet respiration, audible wheezing --inability to cough sputum abnormalities: --quantity --consistency --color --odor coughing --absent --ineffective hemoptysis (coughing up blood) --fatigue --altered lvl of consciousness --pain
37
ineffective airway clearance outcome identication
demonstrate effective coughing and clear breath sounds maintain patent airways at all times explain methods useful to enhance secretion removal
38
ineffective airway clearance implementation
-help the client take deep breaths and perform controlled coughing to expectorate secretions --encourage fluid intake to thin secretions --administer meds as ordered -- teach the client the importance of taking antibiotics as prescribed -- teach the client the important of not smoking
39
defining characterisitics
hypoventilation hyperventilation dyspnea irregular patterns RELATED FACTORS hypoventilation immobility pain meds mm or nerve dysfunction loss of fxn'l lung tissue restriction of expansion inability to deep breathe in position fatigue hyperventilation acidosis dyspnea

Human Experience (14 decks)

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