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Human Experience > Exam 2; respiratory > Flashcards

Exam 2; respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

fxn of upper respiratory tract

A

warm, filter, humidify inspired air

nose, pharynx, larynx, epiglottis, trachea

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2
Q

fxn of lower respiratory tract

A

conduction of air, mucocillary clearance, production of pulmonary surfactant

bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli

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3
Q

inspiration

A

the active phase of ventilation
-involves the mvmt of mm and the thorax to bring air into the lungs

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4
Q

expiration

A

the passive phase of ventilation
-mvmt of air out of the lungs

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5
Q

hypoventilation

A

occurs when a reduced amount of air enters the alveoli in the lungs, resulting in decreased lvls of oxygen and increased lvls of co2 in the blood

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6
Q

hyperventilation

A

overbreathing, ventilation exceeds the metabolic demand causing abnormally low levels of co2 in the blood

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7
Q

dyspnea

A

difficulty breathing, shortness of breath

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8
Q

hypoxia

A

inadequate amount of oxygen available to the cells in your tissues

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9
Q

hypoxemia

A

below normal level of oxygen in your blood (arteries)

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10
Q

hypercapnia

A

greater than normal amounts of co2 in the blood; result of hypoventilation

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11
Q

bronchoconstriction

A

constriction of the airways in the lungs due to the tightening of surrounding smooth mm, with consequent coughing, wheezing and shortness of breath

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12
Q

bronchodilation

A

an expansion of the air passages through the bronchi of the lungs.

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13
Q

hemoptysis

A

coughing up of blood-stained mucus from the bronchi, larynx, trachea, or lungs

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14
Q

atelectasis

A

collapsed alveoli

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15
Q

assessment of respiratory system subjective data

A

past health history-respiratory, allergies or other body systems
-meds
-surgery or other systems
-smoking
-avtivity tolerance
-sleep issues
-work or hobbies (dust, asbestos)

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16
Q

assessment of respiratory system (objective data)

A

normal breath sounds

vesicular- low-pitched soft sound during expiration heard over most of the lungs

bronchial- high pitched and longer; heard over the trachea

bronchovesicular- med pitch and sound during expiration, heard over the upper anterior chest and intercostal area

abnormal/adventitious breath sounds
crackles: intermittent sounds occurs when air moves through the airways that contain fluid– fine, med or course

wheezes: continuous sounds heard on expiration and sometimes on inspiration as air passes through airways constricted by swelling, secretions or tumors

17
Q

respiratory system (objective data)

A

pulse oximetry= 94-99%

Radiology—no metal; check pregnancy
Chest x-ray—most common
Computed tomography (CT)
Nursing: check allergy to contrast/iodine; renal function; encourage hydration before and after; feel warm and flushed with injection
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Nursing: screen for/remove all metal; check implantable devices; address claustrophobia (sedation)
Ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan
Pulmonary angiogram
Nursing: contrast media precautions, pressure dressing to injection site; monitor distal circulation
Positron emission tomography (PET)
Nursing: NPO prior; monitor glucose levels; encourage fluids

18
Q

sputum studies

A

expectoration, suctioning or bronchoscopy for sample

skin tests-intradermal injection
-allergies, TB

pulmonary fxn test
-measures lung volumes and airflow
-spirometer and computer calculate values

19
Q

respiratory fxn INFANT

A

normal: lungs are transformed from fluid-filled structures to air-filled organs

small chest, short airways and aspiration is a potential problem

rapid respiratory rate and respiratory activity is abnormal

crackles heard at the end of deep respiration are normal

20
Q

abnormal respiratory in INFANTS

A

apnea of prematurly
respiratory distress syndrome
patent ductus arteriosus

21
Q

respiratory fxn TODDLER

A

abnormal respiratory
upper respiratory infections
-nasopharyngitis
-pharyngitis
-tonsilitis
-airways obstruction
-asthma
-chocking episodes
-accidental suffocation
-accidental aspiration
-accidental poisoning

22
Q

respiratory fxn CHILD

A

some subcutaneous fat on the chest wall
-eustachian tubes, bronchi, and bronchioles are elongated and less angular
-the average number of routine colds and infections decrease until children enter daycare/ school
-good hygiene and tissue etiquette are encouraged

23
Q

respiratory fxxn child and adolescents

A

-exposure to second hand smoke
-smoking at an early age
using dangerous inhalants

24
Q

respiratory fxn older adult

A

kyphosis
-barrel chest
-increased risk for disease
-reduced immune system

25
Q

upper respiratory disorders symptoms

A

-cough
-nasal discharge
-conjuctivites
-layngitis
-low grade temp
-rhinitis
-sore throat
-watery eyes

26
Q

upper respiratory infection management

A

increase fluid intake
-frequent rest periods
-cough expectorants:guaifenesin
-cough suppressants:dextromethorphan

27
Q

allergic rhinitis

A

inflammation of nasal mucosa
cause:seasonal (pollen) or environmental allergen

sneezing, watery itchy eyes and nose, congestion, decreased smell, thin nasal drainage

episodic-sporadic exposure
intermittent-less than 4days/week
persistant-greater than 4 days/week

28
Q

acute viral rhinopharyngitis

A

common cold
transmission:airborne droplets that transmit the virus

beings with burning sensation @ the back of the nose followed by nasal stuffiness, rhinorrhea and sneezing

chills, low grad fever & headache are symptoms

watery & profuse nasal discharge

29
Q

acute viral Rhinopharyngitis

A

symptom relief: rest, fluids, proper diet, decongestants

vitamin C, zinc report worsening symptoms

30
Q

influenza

A

highly contagious; increased morbidity and mortality
peak season- December- February

influenza A—most common & virulent
mutated viruses– no immunity

pandemics=world wide spread
epidemic=localized outbreaks

transmitted by infected droplets

@risk population= children under 2, adults over 65, ppl living in institutional settings, ppl with chronic diseases, pregnant women, immunocompromised, healthcare personnel

31
Q

influenza

A

abrupt onset about 7 days: chills, fever, myalgia, headache, cough, sore throat, fatigue

can cause: pneumonia, ear/sinus infection

viral cultures & rapid influenza diagnosis tests (RIDTs) can test for influenza

32
Q

influenza management

A

flu shot, takes 2 weeks for antibody production

advocate vax for those 6 months and older

flu treatment must be started within 48 hr of initial flu symptoms

33
Q

acute pharyngitis

A

inflammation of pharyngeal wall; tonsils, palate & uvula

viral, bacterial (strep-throat), fungal (candidiasis)

sore throat, red, swollen pharynx, absent cough, neck, head and mm pain, white patches, rash may be present

rapid antigen test/ throat culture (diagnosis)

34
Q

acute pharyngitis

A

oral penicillin- response within 24 hr. take full course of antibiotics to avoid adverse affects

candida; antifungal- swig and swallow

Implementation: warm salt water gargle, avoid irritating foods (carbonated drinks, lonzenges, humidifier, soft food diet, drink warm liquids

35
Q

nursing diagnosis for pt with upper respiratory disorders

A

risk for aspiration- inability to coordinate breathing, coughing or swallowing

difficulty swallowing or discomfort// sore throat
-fatigue// increased energy requirements and metabolic demands
-insomnia// difficulty breathing, positioning required for effective breathing

36
Q

ineffective airway clearance

A

–increased production of sputum
–stridor, wet respiration, audible wheezing
–inability to cough

sputum abnormalities:
–quantity
–consistency
–color
–odor

coughing
–absent
–ineffective

hemoptysis (coughing up blood)
–fatigue
–altered lvl of consciousness
–pain

37
Q

ineffective airway clearance outcome identication

A

demonstrate effective coughing and clear breath sounds

maintain patent airways at all times

explain methods useful to enhance secretion removal

38
Q

ineffective airway clearance implementation

A

-help the client take deep breaths and perform controlled coughing to expectorate secretions

–encourage fluid intake to thin secretions
–administer meds as ordered
– teach the client the importance of taking antibiotics as prescribed
– teach the client the important of not smoking

39
Q

defining characterisitics

A

hypoventilation
hyperventilation
dyspnea
irregular patterns

RELATED FACTORS
hypoventilation
immobility
pain
meds
mm or nerve dysfunction
loss of fxn’l lung tissue
restriction of expansion
inability to deep breathe in position
fatigue
hyperventilation
acidosis
dyspnea

Human Experience (14 decks)

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