Final: Digestion and nutrition Flashcards
Define heterotrophic.
Depend on already synthesized organic compound of plants and other animals to obtain the materials needed for growth, maintenance and reproduction.
What is one of the most potent driving forces in animal evolution?
Food procurement
What has placed a high priority on adaptation for exploiting new sources of food?
Natural selection
What are the 3 primary means of feeding?
- feeding on particulate matter
- feeding on food masses
- feeding on fluid
Define saprophagous feeding.
Feeding on decaying organic matter
What is another way to describe feeding on particulate matter?
Suspension feeding
Describe feeding on particulate matter.
- use ciliated surfaces
- cilia produce currents of water to pull suspended particle toward gut opening
- entrap food in mucous sheet
- mucous and food is pulled into mouth
What kind of organims are suspension feeders?
Invertebrates
What kind of eating is filter feeding considered?
Suspension eating
List some examples of structures that have evolves for filter feeding.
- feather like stuctures
- gills of bivalve and chordates
- beaks of birds (flamingo)
- baleen of whales
Describe the teeth in particulate matter feeders.
Dermis containing dental papilla originating from neural crest cells, also contain odontoblasts.
What is an ondontoblast?
A specialized cell that secrets dentin
What determines the adaptation for mass food consumption feeders?
Their primary food source.
List some examples of possible adaptations for feeding on food masses.
- capture
- holding
- swallowing
- digesting
What are the two tooth appearance types?
Homodont and heterodont
What is homodont and provide an example.
Uniform teeth, ex. fish
What is heterodont and provide an example.
Differing teeth, ex. tetrapods and humans
Where does teeth development take place?
The epidermis and dermis.
What tooth structures come from the epidermis?
- enamel organ
- ameloblasts
What are ameloblasts?
Specialized cells that secrete hard enamel
What is polyphyodont and provide an example.
Teeth are continuously replaced.
- ex. most vertebrates (sharks)
What is diphyodont and provide an example.
Only two sets of teeth, baby and adult.
- ex. mammals
What is the main function of teeth?
Mechanical digestion
What are the different kind of teeth?
- incisors
- canines
- premolars and molars
Incisors function.
biting, cutting, and stripping
Canines function.
Piercing, holding, and tearing
Premolar and molar function.
Grinding and crushing
What is the most diffucult food to digest?
Plant matter
What is needed for chemical digestion of cellulose?
Cellulase
What do herbivores depend on to be ablet o consume plant matter?
icrobial digestion of cellulose into fatty acids and sugar
What causes modified teeth throughout the animal kingdom?
Specialized food habits
Decribe tendancies of herbovore teeth.
- teeth are flattened
- have enamel ridges for improved grinding
- teeth continuously grow as they wear
