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BIOL 330 - Zoology > E3: Temp. Regulation > Flashcards

E3: Temp. Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

_____ reactions within the body are extremely sensitive to temp.

A

Biochemical

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2
Q

All enzymes have a(n) _____ _____ _____ for normal function.

A

Optimal temperature range

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3
Q

When is an enzyme impared in regards to temperature?

A

When the temp. is above or below the optimal temp. range

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4
Q

What happens when temp. is too low?

A
  • metabolic process slows
  • reduced energy (less ATP) for normal activity and reproduction
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5
Q

What happens when temp. is too high?

A
  • metabolic reactions become unbalanced
  • enzymes denatured and non-functional
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6
Q

What are the two options for temp. regulation?

A

1) find a habitat without temp. extremes
2) develop means to stabilize their metabolism independent to environmental temp. extremes

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7
Q

Define poikilothermic

A

Ectothermic

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8
Q

Define homeothermic

A

endothermic

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9
Q

For poikilothermic organisms, body temp. is _____ with changing environmental temps.

A

fluctuating

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10
Q

More animals are _____thermic.

A

Poikilothermic or ectothermic

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11
Q

For Poikilothermic organisms, heat loss is _____ to gain by motabolism.

A

equal

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12
Q

How to Poikilothermics produce heat energy?

A

As a result of chemical reactions

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13
Q

What is an example of a Poikilothermic exploiting their environment behavioally?

A

Sun basking

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14
Q

For homeothermic organisms, body temp. is _____ with changing environmental temps.

A

independently regulated or constant

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15
Q

How do homeothermics produce body heat?

A

From within

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16
Q

What kind of animals are homeothermic?

A

birds, mammals, few non-avial reptiles and fast swimming fishes

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17
Q

What is an advantage of Homeothermics to Poikilothermics?

A

Can exploit habitats unsuitable for ectotherms (colder environemnts)

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18
Q

Which type of thermic hibernates?

A

homeothermic, but can remain active in winter

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19
Q

What do Poikilothermics do when they are too hot?

A
  • seek shade
  • stand above hot ground surfaces (not lay down)
  • decrease body surface exposed to sun
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20
Q

What do Poikilothermics do when too cold?

A
  • seek out the sun
  • increase surface area exposed to sun
  • lay on hot surfaces
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21
Q

What is temperature compensation?

A

The adjustment of metabolic rates to the prevailing temperature.

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22
Q

How do Homeothermics maintain temp?

A

By the delicate balance between heat production and heat loss

23
Q

Body temp range for mammals.

A

36C - 38C (97F - 101F)

24
Q

Body temp range for birds.

A

40C - 42C (104F - 108F)

25
Q

Do Homeothermics or Poikilothermics need to comsume more food and why?

A

Homeothermics because heat production is directly tied to food intake

26
Q

How is heat produced by metabolism for Homeothermics?

A
  • oxidation of foods (cellular repiration)
  • basal cellular metabolism
  • muscle contraction
27
Q

What are the 4 forms of heat loss?

A
  • radiation
  • conduction
  • convection
  • evaporation of water
28
Q

Describe radiation heat loss

A

by long wavelength into surrounding surface

29
Q

Describe conduction heat loss

A

Heat loss conducting to contact surfaces
- ground water, etc

30
Q

Describe convection heat loss

A

Heat loss by air movement across surface body

31
Q

Describe evaporation of water heat loss

A
  • from outside body surface (sweating)
  • From respiratory surface (beathing)
32
Q

What does Fossorial mean?

A

Below the ground (burrowing, hiding below ground)

33
Q

What are some adaptations for hot environemnts?

A
  • Fossorial behavior
  • Nocturnal behavior
34
Q

How do large desert ungulates prevent water loss and overheating?

A
  • light colored fur to reflect sun
  • insulating fur (thick)
  • increased convection and conduction on underside with thin fur
  • insulating fat concentrated in hump (keep heat out and in)
  • evaporative cooling (sweating and panting)
  • large eart to shade and increase surface area for heat loss
35
Q

What does ungulate mean?

A

Hoofed animal that regergitate and chew their partially digested food

36
Q

What are the two primary mechanisms to maintain temperatures in cold environments?

A

1) decreased heat conductance
2) increased heat production

37
Q

Decreased heat conductance mechanisms

A
  • increased fur and feather thickness
  • increase thickness of subcutaneous fat
  • increase thickness of fat layers on foot pads that are in contact with cold surfaces
38
Q

How do extremities help with heat loss?

A
  • allowed to cool far below body temp
  • countercurrent heat exchange
  • feet can rach very low temps (near freezing, muscles are closer to body and digit control is by tendons)
  • fats in extremitis have lower melting point (30C lower than other body fat)
39
Q

What methods of augmented muscluar activity prevent heat loss?

A
  • increased exercise
  • shivering

This forces an increase in ATP and heat production by aerobic cellular respiration

40
Q

Non-shivering thermo genesis

A

Brown fat metabolism (fat abundant with mitochondria and blood supply)

41
Q

Where is brown fat found?

A

Near chest, axillary regions, and near kidneys (more so in babies)

42
Q

How does brown fat metabolism work?

A

The uncoupling protein acts to uncouple the production of ATP during oxidative phosphorylation to produce heat rather than ATP.

43
Q

When food consumption cannot meet the energy demand or during seasonal changes and food shortages, what do some Birds and Mammals do?

A

Adaptive Hypothermia

44
Q

What does adaptive hypothermia allow?

A

The body temp to call to decresae the loss of heat to the environment

45
Q

How long can adaptive hypothermia last for?

A

hours to months depending on the species

46
Q

What is daily torpor and give an example of an organism that does this.

A

Drop in temp during inactivity and sleep
- hummingbirds

47
Q

Hibernation vs torpor.

A

Hibernation is voluntary, torpor is involuntary

48
Q

What is hibernation?

A

A prolonged and controlled state or dormancy

49
Q

What happens to core temp when in hibernation?

A

Drops to a degree or less above ambient temps.

50
Q

How do organisms produce heat during the arousal period of hibernation?

A

shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis

51
Q

Prolonged sleep vs hibernation?

A

Prlonged sleep organisms can be awakended due to moderate maintenance of normal temp.

Hiberating organisms cannot be awakened due to needing to go though the arousal process

52
Q

Estivation definition

A

Dormancy during hot or dry periods

53
Q

Why do organisms go into estivation?

A

Water and food are scarce, decreases the metabolism

BIOL 330 - Zoology (19 decks)

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