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Microbiology > Final: + Cocci > Flashcards

Final: + Cocci Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Staphylococcus characteristics (6)

A
  • Over 30 species
  • Found on the skin and mucous membranes of warm-blooded animals, including humans.
  • Gram-positive cocci in grape-like clusters
  • facultative anaerobes
  • catalase positive
  • able to withstand high salt concentrations, pH extremes, drying, and high temperatures
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2
Q

Staphylococcus aureus virulence factors (11)

A
  • coagulase
  • staphylokinase
  • hyaluronidase
  • nuclease
  • lipase
  • penicillinase
  • hemolysins
  • leukocidin
  • enterotoxins
  • exfoliative toxin
  • toxic shock syndrome toxin
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3
Q

Coagulase in Staphylococcus aureus…

A

coagulates blood plasma, forming a fibrin layer around the bacteria, which protects it from phagocytosis.

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4
Q

Staphylokinase in Staphylococcus aureus…

A

activates plasminogen to plasmin, a protease that breaks down fibrin in blood clots, aiding in bacterial spread.

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5
Q

Hyaluronidase in Staphylococcus aureus…

A

breaks down hyaluronic acid, a substance that holds connective tissue together, enabling bacterial tissue invasion.

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6
Q

Nucleases in Staphylococcus aureus…

A

digests DNA and RNA, contributing to tissue invasion.

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7
Q

Lipase in Staphylococcus aureus…

A

allows the bacteria to colonize oily surfaces such as skin.

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8
Q

Penicillinase in Staphylococcus aureus…

A

destroys penicillins, contributing to antibiotic resistance.

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9
Q

Hemolysins in Staphylococcus aureus…

A

lyse red blood cells (RBCs), contributing to tissue damage and infection spread.

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10
Q

Leukocidin in Staphylococcus aureus…

A

lyses white blood cells (WBCs), impairing immune defense.

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11
Q

Enterotoxins in Staphylococcus aureus…

A

damage intestinal epithelial cells, causing secretory diarrhea and water/electrolyte loss.

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12
Q

Exfoliative toxin in Staphylococcus aureus…

A

causes the loss of the epidermal layer of the skin, leading to conditions like scalded skin syndrome.

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13
Q

Protein A in Staphylococcus aureus…

A

binds to antibodies (IgG), impairing immune response by inactivating them.

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14
Q

Toxic shock syndrome toxin in Staphylococcus aureus…

A

causes toxic shock syndrome, leading to fever, rash, vomiting, liver damage, and renal failure.

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15
Q

Cutaneous infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus: (4)

A
  • furuncles (boils)
  • carbuncles (clusters of boils)
  • impetigo
  • scalded skin syndrome
    exfoliative toxin production
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16
Q

Systemic infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus: (6)

A
  • bacteremia
  • osteomyelitis
  • endocarditis
  • pneumonia
  • meningitis
  • infections of internal organs.
17
Q

Staphylococcal food poisoning: (3 steps)

A
  • can contaminate foods like custards and processed meats - produces heat-resistant enterotoxins
  • leads to vomiting, diarrhea, and cramps within 2-6 hours.
18
Q

Why is Staph and MRSA resistant:
How to treat Staph/MRSA?

A
  • Staphylococcus aureus is resistant to penicillin (due to penicillinase production)
  • S. aureus (MRSA) is Methicillin-resistant
  • Vancomycin is often the drug of choice for resistant strains.
19
Q

Coagulase-negative staphylococci: (2 kinds, what?)

A
  1. S. epidermidis
  2. S. saprophyticus
    - opportunistic pathogens that can cause infections, particularly in immunocompromised individuals or following surgical procedures.
20
Q

Streptococcus characteristics: (4)

A
  • Gram-positive cocci
  • Appear in chains
  • Catalase-negative
  • Classified based on cell wall carbohydrates and hemolysis patterns.
21
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes characteristics: (2)

A
  • Gram-positive cocci
  • Causes pus-producing infections
    (such as strep throat and skin infections)
22
Q

Virulence factors of Streptococcus pyogenes: (8)

A
  • Capsule
  • Surface polysaccharides
  • M protein
  • Hemolysins
  • Erythrogenic toxins
  • Streptokinase
  • Hyaluronidase
  • Nucleases.
23
Q

Capsule in Streptococcus pyogenes…

A

protects the bacteria from phagocytosis and aids in attachment to host cells.

24
Q

M protein in Streptococcus pyogenes…

A

helps the bacteria resist phagocytosis and aids in adherence to host cells.

25
Q

Hemolysins (streptolysins) in Streptococcus pyogenes…

A

damage red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and tissues.

26
Q

Erythrogenic toxin in Streptococcus pyogenes…

A

causes the red rash and fever associated with scarlet fever.

27
Q

Cutaneous infections caused by Streptococcus pyogenes: (3)

A
  • impetigo
  • erysipelas
  • necrotizing fasciitis (flesh-eating disease).
28
Q

Streptococcal throat infections: (1, what)

A
  • strep throat (streptococcal pharyngitis)
  • causes a sore throat, fever, and pus-filled nodules on the tonsils
29
Q

Scarlet fever caused by Streptococcus pyogenes: (2)

A
  • produces erythrogenic toxins
  • results in a red rash and a fever
30
Q

Systemic infections caused by Streptococcus pyogenes: (4)

A
  • septicemia
  • pneumonia
  • toxic shock syndrome
  • puerperal fever
31
Q

Complications of Streptococcus pyogenes infections: (3)

A
  1. Rheumatic fever and
  2. acute glomerulonephritis are autoimmune complications triggered by S. pyogenes
    - leads to heart, joint, and kidney damage.
32
Q

Streptococcus agalactiae infections: (4)

A

(Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus) )
- neonatal infections
- puerperal infections
- endocarditis
especially immunocompromised individuals or during childbirth

33
Q

Enterococcus faecalis infections:

A

(formerly Streptococcus faecalis) can infect
- the urinary tract
- the blood
- wounds
- heart (endocarditis)
often in immunocompromised patients

34
Q

Enterococcus faecalis and nosocomial infections: (2)

A
  • Cause post-surgical or infects hospitalized patients.

Microbiology (10 decks)

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