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Microbiology > Biochemical Tests > Flashcards

Biochemical Tests Flashcards

1
Q

PEA: name, type, what

A
  • Phenylethyl Alcohol
  • Selective
  • Selective for gram (-) by interfering with DNA synth. in gram (+) bacteria
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2
Q

Indicator for PEA?

A

None

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3
Q

(+) PEA test

A

Growth = gram (-) bacteria

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4
Q

EMB: name, type, what

A
  • Eosin Methylene Blue
  • Selective and Differential
  • Selects for gram (-)
  • Differential for coliforms
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5
Q

(+) EMB test (pink)

A

Gram (-) bacteria with coliforms

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6
Q

(+) EMB test (green)

A

Gram (-) bacteria E. coli with coliforms

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7
Q

(+) EMB test (white/colorless)

A

Gram (-), no coliforms

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8
Q

(-) EMB test

A

No growth, gram (+) bacteria

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9
Q

MSA: name, type, what

A
  • Mannitol Salt Agar
  • Selective and Differential
  • Selects for Staphylococcus and Micrococcus species
  • Differentiates for the ability to ferment mannitol
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10
Q

EMB indicator?

A

Eosin and Methylene Blue

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11
Q

MSA indicator?

A

Phenol Red

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12
Q

(+) MSA test (pink/red)

A

Non-pathogenic Staphylococcus or Micrococcus

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13
Q

(+) MSA test (yellow)

A

Pathogenic Staphylococcus or Micrococcus

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14
Q

Starch plate: type, what

A
  • Differential
  • tests for production of amylase
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15
Q

Starch plate indicator?

A

None

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16
Q

How does the the starch plate work?

A

The iodine and starch create a charge-transfer complex that makes the starch really dark. A clearing around the bacteria means the starch was broken down into glucose so there is nothing for iodine to bind to.

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17
Q

(+) Starch Plate Test

A

Clearing present after pouring iodine –> Amylase was produced

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18
Q

(-) Starch Plate Test

A

No clearing after pouring the iodine –> no Amylase was produced

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19
Q

OF Glucose: name, type, what

A
  • Oxidative-Fermentative Glucose
  • Differential
  • Deferential for if bacteria can break down glucose through fermentation or oxidation
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20
Q

OF Glucose indicator?

A

Bromothymol Blue (pH dependent)
- glucose catabolized = acid release –> pH decreases

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21
Q

(+) OF Glucose Test for fermentation

A

Anaerobic tube = yellow
Aerobic tube = yellow

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22
Q

(+) OF Glucose Test for oxidation

A

Anaerobic tube = remains green
Aerobic tube = yellow at the top

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23
Q

(-) OF Glucose Test

A

Anaerobic tube = remains green
Aerobic tube = teal/blue, indicates ammonia byproduct from catabolized peptones, can’t use glucose

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24
Q

Fermentation Tubes: type, what

A
  • Differential
  • Differentiates if bacteria can catabolize a certain carbohydrate
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25
Q

Fermentation tube indicator?

A

Phenol Red; if fermented then acid is released and the pH goes down

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26
Q

Red fermentation tube…

A

(-), non-fermenter

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27
Q

Yellow fermentation tube…

A

(+), fermenter

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28
Q

Yellow fermentation tube with gas…

A

(+), true fermenter

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29
Q

Gelatin Hydrolysis: type, what

A
  • Differential
  • Determines if the bacteria can catabolize gelatin by using gelatinase
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30
Q

Gelatin Hydrolysis indicator?

A

None

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31
Q

(+) Gelatin hydrolysis Test

A

Gelatin liquifies

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32
Q

(-) Gelatin hydrolysis Test

A

Gelatin remains solid

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33
Q

Urease Test: type, what

A
  • Differential
  • determines if a bacteria produces urease
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34
Q

Urease Test indicator?

A

Phenol Red, if urease is produced, ammonia will be released and the pH increases

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35
Q

(+) Urease Test

A

Pink

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36
Q

(-) Urease Test

A

Remains the same color (orange)

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37
Q

Phenylalanine Slant: type, what, special

A
  • Differential
  • determines if bacteria can deaminate phenylalanine
  • needs ferric acid to test results
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38
Q

Phenylalanine Slant indicator?

A

None

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39
Q

By-product of phenylalanine slant?

A

The removal of the amine group creates ammonia and creates phenylpyruvic acid as a byproduct

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40
Q

(+) Phenylalanine Slant

A

Green: ferric chloride reacted with the phenylpyruvic acid

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41
Q

(-) Phenylalanine Slant

A

Yellow: no phenylpyruvic acid was produced

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42
Q

MIO Deep: name, type, what, special

A
  • Motility Indole Ornithine
  • Differential
  • Tests for motility, production of tryptophanase, and putrescine
    needs Kovac’s reagent to see results
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43
Q

MIO Deep indicator?

A

Bromocresol purple; if glucose is fermented acid is released and pH decreases

44
Q

Indole production…

A

from tryptophanase that turns tryptophan to indole

45
Q

Ornithine production…

A

Decarboxylation of ornithine produces putrescine

46
Q

MIO after Kovac’s = Pink/Red ring

A

Indole is present and the test is (+)

47
Q

MIO after Kovac’s = no ring present

A

No indole is present, test is (-)

48
Q

MIO Deep (+) for Ornithine

A

Deep remains purple or turns grey = putrescine was produced

49
Q

MIO Deep (-) for Ornithine

A

Deep turns yellow –> glucose was fermented –> acid was produced

50
Q

Peptone Iron Deep: type, what

A
  • Differential
  • Determines if bacteria can liberate sulfur from cystene
51
Q

Peptone Iron Deep indicator?

52
Q

(+) Peptone Iron Deep

A

Black precipitate = ferrous sulfide

53
Q

(-) Peptone Iron Deep

A

Media appears unchanged

54
Q

Oxidase Test: type, what, special

A
  • Differential
  • determines if cytochrome C is produced
    grow bacteria on NA plate then use oxidase strip
55
Q

Oxidase test indicator?

56
Q

(+) Oxidase Test

A

Blue or Purple after a few minutes

57
Q

(-) Oxidase Test

A

Does not change in color

58
Q

Catalase Test: type, what, special

A
  • Differential
  • Determines if the bacteria can produce catalase
    must use hydrogen peroxide on growth
59
Q

Catalase Test indicator?

60
Q

(+) Catalase Test

A

Bubbles are produced = catalase breaking down hydrogen peroxide into H2O and O2

61
Q

Nitrate Broth Test: type, what, special

A
  • Differential
  • determines if bacteria can produce nitrate reductase
    must use reagents A and B to see results, possibly need zinc powder
62
Q

Nitrate Broth Test indicator?

63
Q

(+) Nitrate Reduction Test after A and B only

A

Red/pink = nitrites formed

64
Q

(-) Nitrate Reduction Test after A and B only

A

Yellow = no reduced nitrites

65
Q

(+) Nitrate Reduction Test after A, B, and zinc

A

Yellow = reduced to gas

66
Q

(-) Nitrate Reduction Test after A, B, and zinc

A

Red/pink = does not reduce from the original form (nitrates)

67
Q

Mueller Hinton: type, what, special

A
  • Enrichment
  • used to test response to antibiotics
  • contains starch which inhibits exotoxins from interfering with the AB discs.
68
Q

Mueller Hinton indicator?

69
Q

Zone of inhibition:

A

Clearing around the AB disc that should be measured and compared to a chart to see if the bacteria is susceptible or resistant to the AB disc.

70
Q

Sheep Blood Agar: type, what, special

A
  • Enrichment and Differential
  • Determines the hemolytic capabilities of the microbe
    needs to be in a microaerophilic environment
71
Q

Sheep Blood Agar: Alpha, Beta, and Gamma

A

Alpha: cloudy green zone, partial destruction, non-pathogenic
Beta: clear zone, complete destruction, pathogenic
Gamma: no zone, no destruction, non-pathogenic

72
Q

Sabouraud Dextrose Agar: type, what, special

A
  • Selective
  • Selective for mold, yeast, and some filamentous bacteria
  • slightly acidic (pH ~5.6) *
73
Q

Sheep Blood Agar Test indicator?

74
Q

Sabouraud Dextrose Agar indicator?

75
Q

(+) Sabouraud Dextrose Agar Test

76
Q

Tomato Juice Agar: type, what, special

A
  • Enrichment and Selective
  • Selects for Lactobacillus
  • needs to be incubated in an anaerobic environment *
77
Q

Tomato Juice Agar indicator?

78
Q

(+) Tomato Juice Agar Test

A

Growth! indicates Lactobacillus

79
Q

MacConkey Agar: type, what, special

A
  • Selective and Differential
  • Selective for gram (-)
  • Differential for coliforms (lactose fermenting vs non)
  • contains bile salts and crystal violet to inhibit gram (+) bacteria
80
Q

MacConkey Agar indicator:

A

Neutral Red; lactose fermented –> acid released –> pH decreases

81
Q

MacConkey Agar Pink Growth

A

Gram (-) enterics, able to ferment lactose

82
Q

MacConkey Agar White Growth:

A

Gram (-) enterics, unable to ferment lactose

83
Q

MacConkey Agar no growth:

A

Bacteria was gram (+)

84
Q

Equation of catabolism of hydrogen peroxide:

A

2H2O2 —catalase—-> 2H2O + O2

85
Q

Equation of respiration:

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP

86
Q

Gram (-) bacteria:

A

Stains red/pink, LPS layer, harder to kill w/ AB

87
Q

Gram (+) bacteria:

A

Stains purple and creates the crystal violet-iodine complex because of a thick peptidoglycan layer

88
Q

Semmelweis:

A

Medical students doing autopsies and then delivering babies. He noticed midwives didn’t have as high rates of sepsis because they washed their hands.

89
Q

Sterile:

A

Devoid of any microbes

90
Q

Decontamination:

A

The attempt to remove microbes off of you but they will come right back

91
Q

Autoclave:

A

121 degrees C, 15 minutes, at 15 psi

92
Q

Robert Kock:

A

wanted solid media but gelatin melted. Angelina Hesse suggested he use agar because it does not melt at room temp.

93
Q

Facultative Anaerobes:

A

can use O2 and ferment, the highest concentration of bacteria will be at the top

94
Q

Aerotolerant anaerobes:

A

Cannot use O2 but it does not harm them, found diffusely in broth

95
Q

What makes endospores?

A

Genuses Clostridium and Bacillus

96
Q

Scanning lens:

97
Q

Low Dry:

98
Q

High Dry:

99
Q

Oil lens:

100
Q

CFU formula:

A

number of colonies / (DF) x (amount plated)

101
Q

Dilution Factor formula:

A

amount transferred / (amt. transferred) x (amt. already in tube)

102
Q

1 ml =

A

1000 ul (microliters)

103
Q

What do you call bacillus:

A

PILL SHAPED

104
Q

Phases of bacteria growth:

A
  1. Lag phase: growing and dying at same rate
  2. Log phase: exponential growth (best)
  3. Stationary phase: growing and dying at same rate
  4. Death phase: dying faster than growing
105
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20 amino acids, 9 are essential

Microbiology (15 decks)

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