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Microbiology > Bacteria list for Final > Flashcards

Bacteria list for Final Flashcards

1
Q

Chlamydias (4)

A
  • Gram-negative
  • Pleomorphic (Cocci on exam)
  • Obligate intracellular parasites
  • similar to Rickettsias
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2
Q

Chlamydia trachomatis: (4)

A
  • most common sexually transmitted bacterial disease in the US
  • cause of eye infections and STDs
  • enters through breaks in skin or mm
  • no vaccine available
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3
Q

Antibiotic for Chlamydia trachomatis:

A

Tetracycline

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4
Q

Diseases caused by Chlamydia trachomatis: (3)

A
  • Nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) in Males
  • Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in Females
  • Lymphogranuloma venereum –> infects lymphnodes and obstructs them that causes the formation of buboes in the inguinal region
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5
Q

Pseudomonas sp.

A
  • Gram-negative Rod, Environmental (found in soil, water, and on plants; opportunistic pathogen in humans, especially in immunocompromised individuals)
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6
Q

Legionella pneumophila (5)

A
  • Gram-negative, Rod
  • Causes Legionnaires’ disease and Pontiac fever
  • found in water, and soil, particularly in cooling towels, hot tubs, air conditioning systems, water heaters, and shower heads
  • must live in association with protozoa
  • infection occurs from inhalation of aerosols
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7
Q

Alveolar macrophages

A
  • Phagocytizes L. pneumophilia but cannot kill it
  • multiplies inside the cell as an intracellular parasite
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8
Q

Pontiac fever: (2)

A
  • Mild symptoms from L. pneumophilia, includes; a fever, chills, cough, and body aches
  • some may not experience any symptoms at all
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9
Q

Legionnaires disease: (3)

A
  • Severe pneumonia caused by L. pneumophilia that includes; high fevers, chills, a cough, body aches, mental confusion, and impaired respiration
  • Untreated mortality rate = 25%
  • most at risk: smokers, D, transplant Pts on immunosuppressants, and the elderly
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10
Q

Antibiotic for Legionella pneumophilia: (3)

A
  • Erythromycin
  • chlorination of cooling towers and artificial habitats can keep aerosols low
  • no vaccination available
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11
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2)

A
  • Introduced through caths/injections, wounds, or burns
  • found all over hospitals in ventilators, humidifiers, and bathrooms
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12
Q

Diseases caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa: (3)

A
  • Exotoxins can cause UTIs
  • ear/eye infections
  • Can cause septicemia (–> endocarditis, meningitis, and pneumonia)
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13
Q

Pseudomonas (7)

A
  • Gram-negative bacilli
  • metabolically versatile as to C source
  • found in soil
  • Opportunistic pathogen especially in nosocomial infections
  • very resistant to soaps, detergents, disinfectants
  • many drug-resistant strains
  • no immunization available
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14
Q

Staphylococcus: (6)

A
  • Gram (+) cocci in grape clusters
  • Facultative anaerobes
  • Catalase positive
  • can withstand high pH, high salt, dry conditions, and high temperatures
  • > 30 species
  • found on skin and mm of warm-blooded animals
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15
Q

Staphylococcus aureus: (2)

A
  • MOST IMPORTANT in this group
  • Many virulence factors including; coagulase, staphylokinase, hyaluronidase, nucleases, lipase, penicillinase, hemolysins, leukocidin, enterotoxins, exfoliative toxin, protein A, TSS toxin
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16
Q

Coagulase:

A
  • causes the coagulation of blood plasma –> puts a layer of fibrin around cells –> which protects them from phagocytosis
  • from S. aureus and S. intermedius (pathogen in dogs)
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17
Q

Staphylokinase:

A
  • activates plasminogen (blood plasma protein) to plasmin (protease) that digests fibrin in clots
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18
Q

Hyaluronidase:

A
  • digests hyaluronic acid that binds together connective tissue to allow invasion of tissues
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19
Q

Nucleases:

A

digests DNA and RNA

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20
Q

Lipase:

A

allows staphylococci to colonize oily skin surfaces

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21
Q

Penicillinase:

A

destroys penicillins

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22
Q

Hemolysisns:

A

lyses RBCs

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23
Q

Leukocidin:

A

lyses WBCs

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24
Q

Enterotoxins:

A

damages intestinal epithelial cells causing water and electrolyte loss (secretory diarrhea)

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25
Q

Exfoliative toxin:

A

causes loss of epidermal layer of skin

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26
Q

Protein A:

A

a cell wall-associated protein that binds antibody molecules (IgG) and incapacitates them

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27
Q

TSS toxin (toxic shock syndrome): (3)

A
  • some strains produce a potent toxin that causes a fever, rash, v, liver damage, renal failure
  • found in the nasal cavity of everyone but especially infects the vagina from ultra absorbent tampons
  • the tampons absorb a large amount of Mg irons, leading to heavy colonization.
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28
Q

Campylobacter jejuni

A

Gram-negative, Curved (comma-shaped) rod, Animal (primarily poultry; causes foodborne illness in humans)

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29
Q

Neisseria meningitidis

A

Gram-negative, Cocci (diplococci), Human (respiratory tract; causes meningitis and sepsis)

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30
Q

Actinomyces spp.

A

Gram-positive, Rod (filamentous, branching), Human (commensal organism in the mouth and gastrointestinal tract; causes actinomycosis)

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31
Q

Clostridium botulinum

A

Gram-positive, Rod (anaerobic, spore-forming), Environmental (found in soil, improperly canned food; causes botulism)

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32
Q

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

A

No cell wall, Pleomorphic (variable shape, often appearing as a fried egg), Human (respiratory tract; causes walking pneumonia)

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33
Q

Listeria monocytogenes

A

Gram-positive, Rod, Environmental (found in soil, water, and decaying plant material; can contaminate dairy products and meats; causes listeriosis)

34
Q

Bacillus cereus

A

Gram-positive, Rod (spore-forming), Environmental (soil and food; causes foodborne illness, particularly in rice and leftovers)

35
Q

Bacillus megaterium

A

Gram-positive, Rod (spore-forming), Environmental (soil; non-pathogenic, used in biotechnology)

36
Q

Streptococcus mutans

A

Gram-positive, Cocci (in chains), Human (oral cavity; causes dental cavities)

37
Q

Morganella morganii

A

Gram-negative, Rod, Human (normal intestinal flora, but can cause infections when the normal flora is disrupted)

38
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes

A

Gram-positive, Cocci (in chains), Human (throat, skin; causes strep throat, impetigo, and scarlet fever)

39
Q

Bacillus subtilis

A

Gram-positive, Rod (spore-forming), Environmental (soil; used in industrial applications)

40
Q

Clostridium perfringens

A

Gram-positive, Rod (anaerobic, spore-forming), Environmental (soil and decaying meat; causes gas gangrene and food poisoning)

41
Q

Bordetella pertussis

A

Gram-negative, Rod, Human (respiratory tract; causes whooping cough)

42
Q

Yersinia pestis

A

Gram-negative, Rod, Animal (primarily rodents; transmitted by fleas; causes bubonic plague)

43
Q

Bacillus anthracis

A

Gram-positive, Rod (spore-forming), Animal (infects herbivores, particularly cattle, sheep; causes anthrax)

44
Q

Clostridium tetani

A

Gram-positive, Rod (anaerobic, spore-forming), Environmental (soil; causes tetanus)

45
Q

Escherichia coli

A

Gram-negative, Rod, Human (normal intestinal flora, but pathogenic strains can cause food poisoning, urinary tract infections)

46
Q

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

A

Gram-positive, Rod (club-shaped), Human (respiratory tract; causes diphtheria)

47
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

Acid-fast (doesn’t stain well with Gram stain), Rod (slow-growing), Human (respiratory tract; causes tuberculosis)

48
Q

Francisella tularensis

A

Gram-negative, Rod, Animal (wild animals like rabbits and rodents; causes tularemia)

49
Q

Helicobacter pylori

A

Gram-negative, Spiral-shaped (helical), Human (gastric mucosa; causes peptic ulcers)

50
Q

Coxiella burnetii

A

Gram-negative, Rod (pleomorphic), Animal (especially cattle, sheep, and goats; causes Q fever)

51
Q

Rickettsia rickettsii

A

Gram-negative, Rod (obligate intracellular bacterium), Animal (transmitted by ticks; causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever)

52
Q

Leptospira interrogans

A

Gram-negative (spirochete), Spiral (spirochete), Animal (especially rodents; causes leptospirosis)

53
Q

Brucella abortus

A

Gram-negative, Rod (coccobacillus), Animal (especially cattle; causes brucellosis)

54
Q

Treponema pallidum

A

Gram-negative (spirochete), Spiral (spirochete), Human (sexually transmitted; causes syphilis)

55
Q

Brucella suis

A

Gram-negative, Rod (coccobacillus), Animal (especially pigs; causes brucellosis)

56
Q

Borrelia burgdorferi

A

Gram-negative (spirochete), Spiral (spirochete), Animal (transmitted by ticks; causes Lyme disease)

57
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

A

Gram-negative, Cocci (diplococci), Human (sexually transmitted; causes gonorrhea)

58
Q

Haemophilus aegyptius

A

Gram-negative, Rod, Human (causes conjunctivitis and other infections)

59
Q

Haemophilus ducreyi

A

Gram-negative, Rod, Human (sexually transmitted; causes chancroid)

60
Q

Vibrio cholerae

A

Gram-negative, Comma-shaped rod, Environmental (found in water; causes cholera)

61
Q

Salmonella typhi

A

Gram-negative, Rod, Animal (primarily poultry; causes typhoid fever)

62
Q

Shigella sp.

A

Gram-negative, Rod, Human (fecal-oral transmission; causes dysentery)

63
Q

Mycobacterium leprae

A

Acid-fast (doesn’t stain well with Gram stain), Rod, Human (causes leprosy)

64
Q

Serratia marcescens

A

Gram-negative, Rod, Environmental (found in soil, water; opportunistic pathogen in hospitals)

65
Q

Lactococcus lactis

A

Gram-positive, Cocci (in chains), Environmental (used in dairy fermentation)

66
Q

Enterococcus faecalis

A

Gram-positive, Cocci (in pairs or chains), Human (intestinal tract; can cause urinary tract infections)

67
Q

Mycoplasma hominis

A

No cell wall, Pleomorphic, Human (genitourinary tract)

68
Q

Clostridium difficile

A

Gram-positive, Rod (spore-forming), Human (intestinal tract; associated with antibiotic-associated diarrhea)

69
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

Gram-positive, Cocci (in pairs, lancet-shaped), Human (normal respiratory flora; causes pneumonia, meningitis)

70
Q

Lactobacillus acidophilus

A

Gram-positive, Rod, Human (intestinal and vaginal flora; used in probiotics)

71
Q

Haemophilus influenzae

A

Gram-negative, Rod, Human (respiratory tract; causes pneumonia, meningitis)

72
Q

Citrobacter freundii

A

Gram-negative, Rod, Environmental (found in water, soil; opportunistic pathogen in humans)

73
Q

Bacillus thuringiensis

A

Gram-positive, Rod (spore-forming), Environmental (soil; used as a biological pesticide)

74
Q

Vibrio parahaemolyticus

A

Gram-negative, Comma-shaped rod, Environmental (found in seafood; causes food poisoning)

75
Q

Streptococcus saprophyticus

A

Gram-positive, Cocci (in clusters), Human (urinary tract; causes urinary tract infections)

76
Q

Mycoplasma haemophilus

A

No cell wall, Pleomorphic, Human (rare pathogen, can cause respiratory and genitourinary infections)

77
Q

Chromobacterium violaceum

A

Gram-negative, Rod, Environmental (found in soil and water; can cause septicemia)

78
Q

Micrococcus lactis

A

Gram-positive, Cocci (in tetrads), Environmental (found on the skin and in milk)

79
Q

Proteus vulgaris

A

Gram-negative, Rod, Human (intestinal tract; causes urinary tract infections and wound infections)

80
Q

Neisseria animaloris

A

Gram-negative, Cocci (diplococci), Animal (primarily dogs and cats; can infect humans)

81
Q

Chlamydia pneumoniae (7)

A
  • about 50% of all adults over 50 have antibodies
  • 1/2 - 2/3 of MIs may be caused by it
  • high amount of antibodies = x4 risk
  • reinfection can trigger a MI
  • infections contribute to atherosclerosis
  • causes a mild pneumonia

Microbiology (15 decks)

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