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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

mouth

A

beginning of digestive tract, mechanical and chemical digestion

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2
Q

pharynx

A

muscular walls which help swallowing and serves as a pathway for the movement of food from the mouth to the esophagus

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3
Q

nasal cavity

A

opening of respiratory system; contains cilia in order to expel mucus

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4
Q

larynx

A

houses vocal cords and manipulates pitch and volume

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5
Q

trachea

A

tube with cartilaginous rings that allows gases to move between mouth and bronchi

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6
Q

bronchi

A

branching tubes with cartilage that allow gases to move between the trachea and the bronchioles

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7
Q

bronchioles

A

smallest branching tubes that allow gases to move between the bronchi and alveoli

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8
Q

alveoli

A

sac-like structures surrounded by capillaries through which gas exchange occurs

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9
Q

diaphragm

A

dome-shaped sheet of muscle that contracts to allow negative pressure breathing

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10
Q

lungs

A

large spongy organ that allows for gas exchange, contains bronchi, alveoli, and bronchioles

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11
Q

Dorsal blood vessel

A

(back)(dark) carries blood along the dorsal side of the earthworm

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12
Q

Ventral blood vessel

A

(light) carries blood along the ventral side of the earthworm

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13
Q

Aortic arches

A

pumps blood from the dorsal blood vessel to the ventral blood vessel

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14
Q

Capillaries (earthworm)

A

transport 5 substances to all cells of the body

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15
Q

Ambulacral groove

A

groove along the center of each ray

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16
Q

Tube feet

A

small, soft structures protruding from lining and sides of ambulacral grooves

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17
Q

Ampullae

A

circular, bulb-like structures which are extensions of tube feet, located on edge of the ambulacral groove

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18
Q

Superior vena cava

A

vessel which carries deoxygenated blood to the heart from the superior portion of mammalian bodies

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19
Q

Inferior vena cava

A

vessel which carries oxygenated blood to the heart from the inferior portion of mammalian bodies

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20
Q

Right atrium

A

collects deoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior vena cava

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21
Q

Right ventricle

A

receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and pumps the blood to the pulmonary artery

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22
Q

Pulmonary arteries

A

carry deoxygenated blood to lungs

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23
Q

Pulmonary veins

A

carry oxygenated blood to atriums
(right carries blood from right lung to left atrium)
(left carries blood from left lung to left atrium)

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24
Q

Left atrium

A

accepts oxygenated blood from lungs

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25
Q

Salivary gland

A

produces saliva which moistens food and is controlled by the nervous system

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26
Q

pharynx

A

muscular walls which help swallowing and serves as a pathway for the movement of food from the mouth to the esophagus

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27
Q

Epiglottis

A

leaf-shaped flap of cartilage located behind the tongue, which seals the trachea to during eating so that food isn’t inhaled

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28
Q

Esophagus

A

a muscular tube which uses peristalsis to move the bolus, liquids, and saliva from the mouth to the stomach; secretes mucus
-Approximately 20 cm long

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29
Q

stomach

A

large muscular sac-like structure which continues the mechanical and chemical digestion of food; and is responsible for storing ingested food, as well
-makes mucus to protect it from the effects of acid

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30
Q

Duodenum (part of small intestine)

A

receives partially digested food (chyme) from the stomach and continues to chemically digest it in preparation for absorption in the small intestine
-first part of small intestine where the majority of digestion occurs

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31
Q

liver

A

produces a fluid that contains lipids and salts which is contained within the gallbladder, a small, pouch-like organ

- filters out toxins and some waste products from the blood
- produces bile
	- concentrated wastes, toxins, and digestive juices (enzymes and salts which aid in digestion within the duodenum)
32
Q

gallbladder

A

stores bile from the liver and releases it into the small intestine (fatty diets cause gallstones)

33
Q

pancreas

A

Produces hormones to regulate blood sugar levels (literally amount of sugar in the bloodstream) by producing insulin
Produces digestive enzymes which are responsible for digesting carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, fats, and proteins
Produces base called sodium bicarbonate so that the pancreatic enzymes wouldn’t be destroyed by the stomach acids

34
Q

small intestine

A

absorbs most of the nutrients from what we eat and drink; contains many villi which increase surface area, allowing for more efficient absorption

- digests carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
- approximately 7 meters long 
- villi are covered with microvilli which further increase the surface area for absorption
35
Q

appendix

A

saclike organ which produces cellulose in some mammals
-perhaps vestigial organ (doesnt have major function)
-possibly plays role in immune system or “safe house” for bacteria
Small intestine-> appendix -> large intestine

36
Q

large intestine/colon

A

absorbs water from the remaining indigestible food matter (chyme) (doesn’t contain nutrients) and transmits the useless, solid material from the body
-approximately 1.5 meters long

37
Q

rectum

A

small canal that holds and controls the expulsion of waste

38
Q

anus

A

opening at end of digestive tract where solid waste (stool/feces) is eliminated from the body

39
Q

what is the goal of all organisms?

A

to make as many offspring as possible whilst releasing the minimum amount of energy, based off of hormones.

40
Q

asexual reproduction

A
  • don’t need partner to reproduce; ergo faster, less energy

- genetically identical, disadvangtage due to survival of the fittest

41
Q

sexual reproduction

A
  • need partner (disadvantage), uses energy, slower
  • offspring are unique (different genes than parents)
  • genetically diverse population
42
Q

testicle

A

organ which produces sperm and are encompassed by the scrotum and behind the penis

43
Q

epididymis

A

long, coiled tube that holds sperm and transports it from the testes to the vas deferens

44
Q

vas deferens

A

tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra

45
Q

prostate

A

secrets prostate fluid, one of the components of semen, which contains various enzymes, including zinc and citric acid

46
Q

cowper’s gland

A

produces a mucus-like fluid that neutralizes any residual acidity (from urine) in the urethra

47
Q

urethra

A

tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body

48
Q

penis

A

reproductive and excretory organ; semen is ejaculated out of the body and urine is released

49
Q

ovary

A

(eggs which are not fully mature, every month usually 1 egg matures and will ovulate egg into fallopian tube)
-two solid egg-shaped structures

50
Q

fallopian tubes

A

2 tubes attached to each side of the uterus and carries the egg cells towards the uterus and the male gamete cells towards the egg cells, fertilization occurs in the upper 3rd of the oviduct/fallopian tube

51
Q

uterus

A

hollow muscular organ that protects and nurtures the developing fetus

52
Q

cervix

A

opening in uterus which dips approximately .5 inches into the vagina

53
Q

vagina

A

-canal through which penis delivers sperm and developed fetus passes into the outside world (muscles folded together
fallopian tube-a pair of tubes along which eggs travel from the ovaries to the uterus)

54
Q

chromatin

A

contains tightly coiled dna

55
Q

centromere

A

conjoins 2 sister chromatids

56
Q

chromatid

A

a single 1 of the sister segments of a duplicated chromosome

57
Q

centriole

A

responsible for regulating cell division

58
Q

telomere

A

repetitive DNA at the end of a eukaryotic chromosome

59
Q

G1 phase (gap one phase) (interphase)

A

the cell grows larger and does normal cellular processes

60
Q

S phase/ synthesis phase (interphase)

A

when DNA is replicated (unreplicated to duplicated chromosomes), normal cellular processes occur here as well

61
Q

G2 phase /gap 2 phase (interphase)

A

cell grows in size, duplicates the organelles ex: mitochondria duplicates, more rough/ smooth endoplasmic reticulum , ribosomes are made, make all of the molecules and enzymes for cell division , normal cellular functions

62
Q

Mitosis M phase (interphase)

A

When a new cell is created

63
Q

prophase (mitosis)

A 
nuclear envelope (membrane that makes up nucleus around DNA breaks down , duplicated chromosomes condense and become visible, spindle apparatus forms (spindle fibers are like scaffolding)  centrioles separate (animal cells only)
In early prophase, chromosomes are barely visible,
Centrioles-type of organelle which looks like two rigatonis crossed over

In prophase, centrioles duplicate and move away from each other

64
Q

metaphase (mitosis)

A

spindle fibers attach to chromosomes at the centromere
-chromosomes move and line up on “metaphase plate”
Two centromeres are connecting, one from one side of the cell, another from another side of the cell
-two spindle fibers are attached to centromeres

65
Q

anaphase (mitosis)

A

sister chromatids split at the centromere and separate and move to opposite sides/poles of the cell by spindle fibers pulling them

66
Q

telophase (mitosis)

A

cell elongates or pinches in

67
Q

cancer

A

when body cells lose the ability to control growth; uncontrolled cell division
(divide uncontrollably due to lack of response of signals which occur in most cells)

68
Q

Apoptosis

A

-the death or “self-destruction” of cells which is important as it prevents damaged cells from undergoing mitosis. An excess of growth and lack of regulation within cells is prevented by apoptosis.

69
Q

Homologous structures

A

Similar structures with relatively same function

-Ie: bone structure similarities

70
Q

Analogous structures

A

The function is the same but the structure is different

ex: wings among bats and birds, etc.

71
Q

what evidence is there supporting evolution?

A

fossil record (shows change over time)

anatomical record (comparing body structures, homology, analogy, and vestigial structures, embryology and development)

molecular record (comparing protein and dna sequences

(DNA is a piece of evidence for evolution as it supports that we have changed as a species over time.)

72
Q

helicase

A

separates DNA backbones at the replication fork, breaks hydrogen bonds

73
Q

DNA polymerase III

A

polymerizes new dna in 5’ -> 3’ direction within replication bubble

74
Q

DNA polymerase I

A

replaces RNA primer with new DNA, polymerized in 5’ to 3’ direction; on the lagging strand

75
Q

DNA ligase

A

anneal (seal) DNA backbone, between Okazaki fragments

bio (13 decks)

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