Final Flashcards
treatment for influenza?
Tamiflu
difference between influenza A and B?
A= H1N1; causes drifting; use amanthadine to target M2 protein
B= does NOT cause a shift; use TAMIFLU; targets the NA (nerve an…) on 6th segment
How much A and how much B in influenza injections?
2-3 A
1 B
Epstein Barr is?
LMPs?
Herpes
latent membrane proteins (LMPs) 1 and 2 have oncoprotein-like activity
Epstein-Bar-encoded RNA (EBER) molecules, EBER-1 and EBER-2 may also have roles in oncogenics
HBD vs HBV
HBD= hep D HBV= hep B
HBD NEEDS HBV either prier or as a co-infection!
need HBV surface antigen to create capsid
rubella vs toga virus transmission?
- rubella is person to perspn
* togo is via insect; ALPHA
Varicella zoster means?
varicella= chickenpox zoster= shingles later on
five childhood exanthems?
their associations?
1) Measles – paramyxovirus Measles virus
2) Rubella – a Toga virus, Rubella virus
3) Chickenpox – a Herpes virus, Varicella Zoster
4) Roseola – a Herpes virus, Herpes 6, 7
5) Fifth disease – Parvovirus B19
Measles as childhood exanthem example?
a paramyxovirus Measles virus
Rubella as childhood exanthem example?
a Toga viridea (an alpha form of Rubella virus)
Chickenpox as childhood exanthem example?
Herpes virus, Varicella Zoster
Roseola as childhood exanthem example?
a Herpes virus, Herpes 6, 7
**T-cells affected, mild, asymptomatic
Fifth disease as childhood exanthem example?
Parvovirus B19
*circulating!
Hemagglutination
Presence of virus in secretions; RBCs binding to other RBC’s
Hemadsorption
- presence of hemagglitinin protein on cell surface
* RBC’s binding to something else (cell, virus, surface, etc.)
Inhibition of hemadsorption
identification of influenza type and strain
hemagglutinin
attachment protein, fusion protein, target of antibody for hemadsorption!!!
neuraminidase
Targeted by?
cleaves sialic acid and promotes virus release or entry ENZYME
*• targeted by zanamivir (Relenza) and oseltamivir (Tamiflu)
what is the MOST common oportunistic when working with AIDS?
Pneumocytisis jerovecii
Pneumocytisis jerovecii
*only fungi to what?
life threatening due to pnemonia
- ONLY fungi to react to antibodies
- oppotunistic bacteria
- MOST common opportunist for AIDS
when does Pneumocytisis jerovecii take over?
when CD4 T-cells fall below 200
why is piconarvirus genome cruciform structure importtant?
allows the genome it to function as mRNA right away once it enters cytoplasm of cell! Needs no processing
describe 5’ and 3’ end of piconarvirus genome?
5’ end
o Vpg -functions as primer for RNA-dependent RNA polymerase as it becomes uridylated
o IRES =Internal ribosome entry site on 5’ end allows for translation in a 5’ cap independent manner
3’ end
o polyA tail
measles transportant? type of virus?
circulating immune compex= suppresent!
*Paramyxovirus
paravirus B19 targets?
RBC precursors and my cause anemia or other blood diseases
retrovirius
HIV
Immunosuppression
*has an RNA genome that must be reverses into DNA
HPV is RNA or DNA?
DNA
What have long incubation periods?
AIDS and HIV = years!
Hep B, rabies, or papilloma= 50+ days
incubation means?
the time it takes to have infection and then have symptoms show
what are classic cold viruses?
1) rhinovirus
2) common coronavirus
3) adenovirus
which common cold virus does NOT produce a cough?
rhinovirus
SARS and MERS
more serious coronavirus that causes sudden ACUTE respiratory syndrome
- Sars= china
- Mers= middle east
- *AT HIGHER TEMPERATURE! Need 37 degrees! (not 33 like classic cold viruses)
name antiviral agents
1) Guanosine analogs
2) Acyclovirs
3) Protease inhibitors
4) Tamiflu
5) interferons
Acyclovirs depends on?
thimadine kinase
Protease inhibitors target?
proteases
Ex: HIV
Guanosine analogs are modified by?
modified by kinase to get phosphorylated
*modified= guanacina analog to STOP viral replication
big problem with interferons?
they are natural antiviruses; so we need to make sure they are NOT broken down quickly (pegalated?)
rabies is always?
fatal unless treated
- neorulogical phase= indicative
- proldone phase= too late, must have vaccines during incubation
ebola requires what level of isolation?
level 4
candida infection causes infection where?
effect on immune system?
dental relation example?
oropharyngeal infection
- immunosuppressin
- denture wearers= denture stomatitis
viruses that cause grave concern during pregnancy? and why?
1) Rubella virus
- –can replicate in placenta
2) Cytomegalovirus= herpes
- –most common cause for congenital defects
- –present in 15% of stillborn babies
which common cold virus is the worst?
adenovirus
what type of virus is rhinovirus?
picornavirus (cruciform shape, translates RNA right away)
what 5 viruses commonly contribute to the development of cancers?
1) human papilloma viruses
2) EBV*
3) retroviruses (HTLV)*
4) Adenoviruses
5) hepatitis B virus*
- = same thing
describe the parts to HPV?
o E5 stabilizes epidermal growth factor receptor – leads to more cell growth
o E6 target p53 protein – this a major tumor suppressor protein
o E7 targets retinoblastoma protein (Rb) – major protein for cell cycle arrest at G1 of cell cycle
Adenoviruses target?
E1a and E1b target p53 and Rb
Hepatitis B virus causes what cancer?
primary hepatocellular carcinoma (Hepatitis C virus can also cause this)
what viruses whose infected cells lead to multiple giant cells?
1) paramyxoviruses (entire group)
2) herpes simplex viruses
mumps, Koplik’s spots and measles virus is what type of virus?
paramyxoviruses
paramyxoviruses leading to giant cells?
- -F protein promotes the fusion that causes the formation of multinucleated cells
- -Respiratory Syncytial Virus – multinucleated cells in respiratory epithelium
- -Mumps – multinucleated cells when grown in monkey kidney cells
- -Parainfluenza viruses – in epithelial cells of upper respiratory tract
- -Measles – in upper respiratory tract and urinary sediment
herpes simplex viruses leading to giant cells?
seen under diagnostics using the Tzanck smear, these multinucleated cells also contain Cowdry type A inclusion bodies specific to HSV
what are the viruses that exhibit classic latency?
herpes virus
retroviruses
HPV
herpes virus hides in latency in what cells?
1) 1 and 2 in neurons
2) ebv in memory b-cells
3) 6 and 7 in t-cells
4) 8 in lymphocytes and b-cells
Koplik’s spots
- buccal area around 1st and 2nd molar near Stenson duct (possible by conjunctiva or vagina)
- usually precede the measles rash and may be seen for the first day or two after the rash appears
- lesions are small (grains of salt around red halo for 24-48 hrs)
kaposi sarcoma
-found in what two cancers?
- most common cancer in Africa
- Human Herpes virus-8 (HHV8)
1) primary effusion lymphomoans (rare B-cell lymphoma)
2) AIDS can also have Kaposi sarcoma due to opportunisitic neoplasias
herpangina caused by?
classic finding is?
-caused by coxsackievirus A (picornaviruses)
-not related to a herpesvirus infection
-fever, sore throat, pain on swallowing, anorexia, and vomiting characterize this disease
-*classic finding is vesicular ulcerated lesions around the soft palate and uvula
(maybe around hard palate)
-can be recovered from lesions or feces -self-limited and requires only symptomatic management
pneumocystis is what type of infection?
HI opportunistic infection
cryptococcosis is the most common cause of? manifests as? mimics?
*causes fungal meningitis
*manifests as tumors anywhere in the body
*mimics molluscum cantagiosum
(occurs in patients with defective cellular immunity; AIDS)
Cause of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis?
describe their lesions?
often got how?
deficient Th17 is development or response= rare T-lymphocyte defects to Candida
Severe lesions that are disfiguring and granulomes
Often got by catheters, liver patients at high risk
names of viral intracellular inclusions (5)
1) Molluscum contagiosum
o Molluscum bodies in keratinocytes
2) Rabies Virus
o Negri bodies in certain nerve cells
3) HSV-1 and HSV-2
o Cowdry type A intranuclear inclusion bodies
4) Cytomegalovirus
o “owl’s eye” basophilic intranuclear inclusion body
5) Poxviruses
o Guarnieri bodies (virus assembly factory)
what are arboviruses?
symptoms due to?
o ssRNA viruses
o Arthropod-borne virus! From female mosquitoes or arachnids!
o symptoms due to large production of interferons and cytokines
o cell-mediated immunity important in resistance, but also important in the disease
Togavirus and Flavivirus are types of what virus?
arboviruses
Togavirus vs Flavivirus
Togavirus
Alphavirus; arboviruses
Rubivirus; rubella virus (German measles)
“little red” respiratory virus
Flavivirus
Hepaciviridae; Hep C virus
HIV targets what cells?
CD4 T-cell and macrophages
HIV cellular receptor?
CD4 with CCR5 or CXCR4
o gp120 and gp41 binds to CD4 and CCR5 (coreceptor) which is expressed on myeloid and CD4 T cells
—during chronic infection, the env gene mutates so that gp120 binds to CXCR4, which is expressed primarily on T-cells
first sign of measles?
Kopliks spots!
Hep B (HBV) is an incomplete _____ virus?
dsdna
CD55 is in association with what viruses?
Adenoviruses and coxsachie
