Clostridium

Question 1

C. botulinum comes from?

Answer 1

sausage

Question 2

C. difficile named from?

Answer 2

difficulty to isolate due to extreme oxygen sensitivity

Question 3

C. perfringens historical derivation?

Answer 3

perfringes, breaking thru, highly invasive tissue necrosis

Question 4

C. tetani named from?

Answer 4

related to tension (causes muscle spasms)

Question 5

associated Human disesases?

1) C. botulinum
2) C. difficile
3) C. perfringens
4) C. tetani

Answer 5

1) botulism is uncommon
2) diarrhea, colitis (Common)
3) soft-tissue infections, food poisoning, septicemia (Common)
4) tetanus is uncommon

Question 6

clindamycin has ___ inhibition

Answer 6

PS

Question 7

cephalosporins are associated with?

Answer 7

beta lactam

Question 8

C. difficile produces what two toxins that act synergistically?

Answer 8

1) enterotoxin (toxin A)

2) cytotoxin (toxin B)

Question 9

what is chemotactic for neutrophils that then release cytokines in the ileum in C. diffile?

Answer 9

enterotoxin

Question 10

What causes depolymerization that results in destruction of cellular cytoskeleton in C. diffilcile?

Answer 10

cytotoxin

Question 11

what is the treatment of C. difficile?

Answer 11

therapy with

1) metronidazole -DS inhibitor
2) vancomycin - D-ala-D-ala

Question 12

fecal transplants from healthy donors has been shown to work as treatment for what? difficult to prevent bc?

Answer 12

C. difficile

*difficult to prevent bc commonly exists inhospitals

Question 13

C. perfringens alpha toxin

Answer 13

• all 5 types
• is a lecithinase to lyse RBCs
• mediates hemolysis

Question 14

C. perfringens beta toxin

Answer 14

• responsible for intestinal stasis
• loss of mucosa with formation of necrotic lesions
• progression to necrotizing enteritis

Question 15

C. perfringens epsilon toxin

Answer 15

• protoxin that is activated by trypsin

- increases vascular permeability

Question 16

C. perfringens iota toxin

Answer 16

• produced by type E C. perfringens
• has necrotic activity
• increases vascular permeability

Question 17

What aspect of C. perfringens acts as a superantigen?

Answer 17

Enterotoxin

• primarily from type A strains
• brush border enzymes

Question 18

C. perfringens soft tissue infections include?

Answer 18

cellulitis
fasciitis
suppurative myositis (muscles inflammation)

Question 19

Myonecrosis is? has ____ formation?

Answer 19

death of muscle fibers

*with gas formation in soft tissue (GAS GANGRENE)

Question 20

gas gangrene

Answer 20

gas found in the tissue

• caused by metabolic acivity of the rapidly dividing bacteria
• typical for C. perfringens (G-)

Question 21

a high dose of penicillin therapy is used to treat?

Answer 21

C. perfringens along with surgical debridment

*HIGH mortality rate

Question 22

C. tetani is associated with?

Answer 22

sardonic smile or lockjaw

Question 23

what is sardonic smile?

Answer 23

• casued by C. tetani

* raised eyebrows and an open froced smile results in sustained contraction of face known as RISUS SARDONICUS

Question 24

risus sardonicus

Answer 24

sustained contraction of facial muscles

Question 25

C. tetani… tetanolysin vs tetanospasmin

Answer 25

• tetanolysin- oxygen labile hemolysin

- tetanospasmin- plasmid encoded, heat labile neurotoxin

Question 26

tetanospasmin is responsible for? what type of toxin?

Answer 26

tetany

*an A-B toxin syntehsized as a single peptide

Question 27

C. tetani infection does no confer?

Answer 27

immunity

Question 28

What type of toxin is C. botulinum?

Answer 28

A-B toxin

Question 29

C. botulinum protective antibodies do not develop?

Answer 29

after disease