Final Flashcards
Test #1
Multiple Choice
He was famous for stimulus response studies, looking for the connection between behaviour and an independent variable, he thought the rewarded behaviours would persist and punished behaviours would desist, he did lots of experiments with salivating dogs.
Ivan Pavlov
Famous for ethological theory in which he believed that behaviour is linked to biological processes, and therefor is linked to heredity. Most famous for 1987 research study, of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart
Thomas Bouchard
(Uncle Creepy) the Swiss psychologist known for his research on the mental processes utilized during the 4 developmental stages of intelligence of children and therefor cognitive theory.
Jean Piaget
The founder of psychoanalysis, his theory focuses on intrinsic drives and motives, he explored dream analysis and hypnotism. He’s famous for his theories on gender issues hidden in the subconscious rooted in traumatic childhood experiences.
Sigmund Freud
Established the first psychology lab in Canada in 1879
Wilhelm Wundt
Really into social learning theory, and believed our behaviour is controlled by environmental influences, what is modelled for children is often the behaviour they will acquire, “Monkey see monkey do”.
Albert Bandura
Focused his attention on sociocultural factors, such as: family, culture, and society, he thought our behaviours are influenced by over lapping systems of concentric circles of support from our inner-circle of intimate relationships to less immediate factors in our world.
Urie Bronfenbrenner
This research begins with a question that is translated into a hypothesis or prediction. It relies on the scientific method and experimental conditions to provide data.
Quantitative
Refers to the time that an organism, material, or object can survive or last.
Lifespan
The civilization of given people or a nation at a given time.
Culture
A specialized approach to acquiring knowledge
Science
The extent to which a test actually measures what it claims to measure
Validity
A personal opinion favouring a particular leaning
Bias
A statement or prediction that is assumed to be true, used as a basis for gathering research data.
Hypothesis
Research findings to test questions must be credible, unbias, reliable, verifiable, and observable. This research style adheres to the process or concept (whole umbrella of that).
Scientific Method
How you view your relationship to your environment, both natural and human is based on your belief overtime. This is your overriding outlook on life, that determines life choices.
Worldview
This research method begins with an inquiry rather than a hypothesis, seeking information, investigating a topic.
Qualitative
The degree to which studies yield the same results when used to measure the same object, trait, or behaviour.
Reliability
A society in which people from different ethnic backgrounds with different beliefs and practices live together in an atmosphere of mutual respect
Multicultural
Refers to the concept that depending on the individuals life conditions, development may take many paths.
Plastic
Tested and confirmed to be true and correct.
Verified
Development consists of physical, cognitive, socioeconomical, and spiritual dimensions
Multidimensional
Refers to the concept of several different types of research, in various fields of study, all studying human development.
Multidisciplinary
These psychologists focus on behaviour within sports environment
Sports Psychologist
These psychologists study the biological basis of behaviour
Psychobiologist
Focus on an individuals personal problems that do not involve psychological disorders.
Counselling psychologists
These people have a masters or doctor in psychology.
Psychologists
Physicians who after receiving their medical degree specialize in the treatment of mental disorders, they can prescribe medications.
Psychiatrists
How people change physically, cognitively, and socially over the entire life span.
Developmental
The ones who focus on behaviour within a workplace or employment setting.
Industrial/Organizational psychologist
Specialize in abnormal child development including disorders such as autism, hyperactivity, etc.
Psychopathology
Focus on all aspects of the learning process
Educational psychologist
Specialize in the study, diagnosis, causes, and treatments of mental disorders.
Clinical Psychologists
Focus on all aspects of cognition-memory, thinking, reasoning, language, etc.
Cognitive Psychologist
Focus on all basic psychological processes including perception, learning, and motivation.
Experimental
These psychologists focus on all aspects of social behaviour and social thought, they study how people think about and act with others.
Social Psychologists
This study involves finding information on a specific topic or issue
Topical Research
Research often involves observations of naturally occurring events, but never involves manipulation of different variables. How one variable effects another.
Correlation Studies
Researcher does not intervene at all, if possible, they are invisible and work hard not to interrupt the natural dynamics of the situation.
Naturalist observation
Researches set up all aspects of a particular event and have almost complete control over a social context, participants are unaware they are being involved in a controlled and often fake situation.
Field Experiments
Going out and asking or sending questionnaires about a subject of interest, especially useful for collecting a lot of data from lots of people.
Survey or Questionnaire
A face-to-face meeting in which the researcher asks a series of questions and the answers are recorded.
Interview
Researchers do this to find valuable way to contribute to human welfare and save lives, it would not be ethical to attempt this research on a person.
Research with animals
Researchers attempt to identify casual relations, they take care to create an environment in which they can make casual statements. They manipulate variables randomly assign participants…
Experiments
The researchers attempt to become accepted as one of the group they are researching to acquire information on how things are done from an insiders perspective.
Participant observation
Researchers control some of the aspects of the environment they are studying and watch to see how the subjects behave in a situation.
Structured Observation
Test #2
Multiple Choice
The test given to babies immediately after birth and again 5 minutes later to provide medical staff with a quick assessment
Apgar
All of the elements affecting the birth of the baby
Perinatal environment
This refers to a shortage of oxygen that can cause serious brain damage, results even death.
Anoxia
Coherent patterns of waking and sleeping are called..
Infant states
Another name for the German measles that can cause a lot of serious irreversible problems for babies if mom is exposed to the disease
Rubella
A time of rapid growth when the organism is especially sensitive to the environmental influences
Critical Period
Head down with the limbs curled in is called..
Fetal position
A motor disability in which the affected individual has difficulty controlling the muscles of the arms, legs, or head
Cerebral Palsy
Healthy babies go to sleep and for reasons yet unknown, stop breathing and die.
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
The intense fascination of the parents with a newborn
Engrossment
Medical instrument looking like giant salad tongs used to pull a stuck babies head out
Forceps
The name for when babies are born buttocks first
Breech Presentation
The name of the morning sickness drug developed in West Germany that resulted in thousands of seriously deformed people
Thalidomide
On the 23rd pair of chromosomes, XX indicates that the gender of the baby will be…
Female
A surgical procedure in which an incision is made into the mother’s abdomen and uterus, so the baby can be removed
Caesarian Section
Any disease, drug, or environmental agent that can harm a developing fetus
Teratogen
The outside membrane layer that will later become the lining of the placenta
Chorion
The name for the root like extensions that attach to the lining of the Uterus to nourish the fetus
Villi
Techniques for birthing with minimal pain without medications
Lamaze
This refers to the processes of every major organ taking shape at least in primitive form
Organogenesis
The single cell formed when sperm unites with egg
Zygote
The inside layer, a water tight membrane that fills with fluid to cushion and protect the baby
Amnion
The name of the membrane that allows only small molecules to get through, preventing large blood cells from the embryo as well as from the mother from passing in-between
Placental barrier
Any event, or condition outside the organism that’s presumed to influence or be influenced by the persons development.
Environment
Another name for an egg cell is an…
Ovum
This includes everything from the molecules that reached the fetus bloodstream before birth, to the architecture of your home, to the climate outside.
Physical Environment
When we influence and shape our environment and likewise our environment influences and shapes us in return.
Reciprocal Relationship
The name of the process by which a zygote divides
Mitosis
This includes all the people who can influence and be influenced by the developing person, as well as the broader culture
Social environment
A hollow ball, about the size of a pin head
Blastula
A substance that aids breathing, preventing the air sacs of the lungs fro sticking together
Surfactant
The name of the tube that feeds the fetus
Umbilical cord
Becoming a Parent/Genetics
Test 3
Males are born with an extra X chromosome XXY, they are sterile, and develop feminine characteristics at puberty, such as enlarged breasts.
Klinefelter’s syndrome
A serious mental illness that involves disturbances in logical thinking, emotional expression, and social behaviour.
Schizophrenia
This is also known as the German Measels, if the pregnant mom is exposed early in pregnancy the baby could be born with sight, hearing, heart problems or dead.
Rubella
This disease produces an accumulation of fat in the brain, usually killing the victim in early childhood, most common in French Canadians and Eastern Europeans , Jewish folks.
Tay-Sach’s Disease
These children cannot metabolize Phenylalanine, found in food because they lack the necessary enzyme. Phenylalanine accumulates in the body, converting to an acid that attacks nervous system..
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
A disease more prevalent in African American children, comes from 2 recessive genes, one inherited from each parent, where kids experience painful swelling of joints, severe fatigue, and die in adolescence. Blood cells are not the normal round shape, but more crescent shaped.
Sickle Cell Disease
This disease strikes in middle age, symptoms include dementia, loss of cognitive abilities as well as personality changes, drunk and jerky walk, slurred speech, etc. Eventually death.
Huntington’s Disease
Another name for trisomy 21, 3 x’s on chromosome 21 rather 2. XXX, characteristics are distinctive eyelid folds, short stubby limbs, thick tongues, and mental retardation.
Down Syndrome
A disease in which the blood won’t clot and the victim could bleed to death, a mutant from Queen Victoria, most common in males.
Hemophilia
Females are born missing an X chromosome, so XO, they are sterile and preform below average..
Turner Syndrome
The actual characteristics or traits of the way a person actually thinks, looks, behaves, feels, becomes..
Phenotype
Before pairs of chromosomes separate they line up and cross each other and parts are exchanged.
Crossing over
The name for people who carry a gene, usually recessive not always, for a disease that they may not get themselves, but may pass on to offspring. Ex, Sickle cell.
Carrier
Weaker, less frequent characteristics. Ex, Blue eyes
Recessive
When traits are not attributable to a single gene, but rather to multiple pairs.
Polygenic
A fertilized ova, divided to form mono zygotic twins
Identical twins
A service offering relevant information to parents suspecting risks for the unborn
Genetic Counselling
Two ova are released at the same time, or close to, and fertilized to from dizygotic twins.
Fraternal
A specialized process of cell division producing 23 chromosomes.
Meiosis
When two genes influence a trait, but neither one dominates.
Co-Dominance
The percentage of twins having the same trait.
Concordance Rates
This process, by which the zygote becomes multi-celled through cell division process.
Mitosis
The stronger, more common characteristic genes. Ex, brown eyes
Dominant
The pattern in which the chromosomes are arranged is called
Karyotype
Scientists preform experiments purposely to develop certain traits or characteristics.
Selective breeding
An attempt to improve the human race, altering the genetic makeup of a population. (What Hitler did)
Eugenics
A pecking order in which each group member has a ranking. (Kids on playground)
Dominance Hierarchy
A new gene not passed down by parents, apparently appearing out of nowhere.
Mutation
When scientists study how much of an individual trait exists and to what degree
Correlation-Coefficients
The genetic makeup one inherits
Genotype
Amniotic fluid is extracted and tested for abnormalities
Amniocentesis
The idea that nature allows or selects those that should survive and reproduce those members of a species whose genes permit them to adapt to their environment.
Natural Selection
Hereditary units found on a specific location on a chromosome containing specific characteristics in an organism.
Genes
A pervasive third level, the outside, of cultural values, political philosophies, economic patterns, and social conditions
Macrosystem
The very tiniest, that have people very close, primary support system, involving people closest to us, whom we are emotionally attached
Microsystem
A blood sample taken from the brain stem, to asses neuro tube defects such as spina bifida
Alpha Feta Protein Test
The genetic transmission of traits and personalities from parent to offspring.
Heredity
The period of time before fertilization takes place
Preconception
A small sample of the placenta is extracted and tested
Chorion Villus Test
Thread like strands of DNA and protein that contain genes and hereditary information
Chromosomes
The secondary support system including agencies and institutions
Exosystems
The approximate 1 million genes that comprise a person
Human Gene
All the chromosomes other than the sex chromosomes, 22 pairs of chromosomes that are the same in males and females
Autosomes
An agent or subject, toxin, virus,or drug, that causes malformations of the embryo or fetus.
Teratogen
Inserting additional genes to alter an organisms genetic makeup
Genetic Engineering
When fertilization takes place, when sperm meets ovum.
Conception
The genetic endowment that members of a particular species have in common, including genes that cover maturation, and the aging process.
Species Heredity
The 23rd pair of chromosomes determines gender
Sex Chromosomes
High frequency sound waves produce an echo, to form a photograph of the inner structures
Ultra sound sonography
The chemical compounds that twist to form the double helix, vertical ones. “Spiral things”
Poly Nucleotides
Infancy & Childhood
Part 4
Balances the need to explore and be close.
Secure attachment
The infants don’t seem to care if mom leaves, but reject her, or get angry when she returns.
Resistant Attachment
Involves infants that ignore or avoid their mother
Avoidant attachment
The infants behave inconsistently, they are all over the place, seem confused and insecure.
Disorganized attachment
Parents who attempt to control, shape, and evaluate the behavior and attitudes of their children in adolescence in accordance with a set of codes of conducts (my way or the highway)
Authoritarian Parents
Parents who allow their children in adolescence to participate in discussions and decisions affecting their lives
Democratic/Authoritative Parents
Parents who let their children in adolescence have the final say, the parent are less controlling and have a non-punishing accepting attitude towards children
Permissive parents
Parents who are typically egocentric in their child rearing, and attitudes toward their children
Uninvolved parents
Refers to the physical or mental injury, sexual abuse or negligent treatment or mistreatment of children under the abs of 18.
Child abuse
Children’s play that involves assuming adult behaviour and positions
Role-taking
The process of redirecting sexual impulse energy into learning tasks
Sublimation
A way to learn social development where kids learn the rules in a fun relaxing way without fear of rejection
Children’s game
The process by which a child adopts the values and principles of their same sex parent
Identification
Light periods in which an individual’s goal is to satisfy desires associated with social needs
Psycho social development
The principle that a given quantity does not change when it’s appearance changes (cups of milk)
Conservation
The internally programmed growth of a child
Maturation
Infants die mysteriously in their sleep
Sudden Infant death syndrome
A young child’s inability to understand another’s perspective
Egocentric
An infants realization that an object exists, even when he or she can’t see or touch it
Object permanence
The process of learning the rules of behavior of a particular culture.
Socialization
The adjustment of ones schema, to include newly observed events and experiences.
Accomodation
A conceptional framework that a person uses to make sense of the world (ex. dogs) The concept
Schema
A deep, caring, close, and enduring emotional bond between infant and caregiver
Attachment
When children use the same grammar rules for all situations, such as not distinguishing the past differences or regular and irregular verbs
Overgeneralization
A relatively permanent change in behaviour, resulting from responses that change, as a result of experience
Learning
When children learning a language convey meaning using only the basic words in the sentence. Just subject, verb, object. Me want cookie.
Telegraphic speech
Babies put their hands and their mouths on things to obtain comfort
Tactile touch
When kids are ready to learn and master a new skill
Maturational readiness
The study of changes that occur as an individual matures
Developmental psychology
The intellectual ability of a child to picture something in his or her mind
Representational thought
The process of fitting objects, and experiences together into one schema
Assimilation
When placed on the back, with the head turned towards one side, the baby stretches out its arm and leg on the facing side.
Tonic neck
Reflects or portrays a person or object, touching the bottom of the babies feet.
Babinski
Baby closes his eyes in response to light or something approaching the eye
Blinking
This reflex portrays an infants response in turning towards the source of touching that occurs around its mouth
Rooting
Babies make walking motions if held upright so the feet just touch the surface
Stepping/dancing
Portrays an infants clinging response to a touch on the palm of his/her hand
Grasping
Portrays an infant lying on its back, when startled by a loud noise, out of sight, above head, it will spread its arms at right angles to body, grasp upward, and spread its legs outward (spread eagle
Moro or startle
Teens and young adults sexual desires are renewed. Individuals seek relationships in which they can give and take pleasure
Genital stage
Pleasure or comfort is obtained through the mouth by sucking
Oral stage
Children focus on the genitals, they seek the attention and affection of the different sex parents, and take on process of identifying with the same sex parent, internalizing values and morals
Phallic stage
Grade ones put away the sexual concepts, reprising or directing the energy to exploring the world and learning
Latency stage
Pleasure is obtained through elimination, as children learn to control physically and socially
Anal stage
Combining or blending traditionally male and female characteristics.
Androgynous
Groups consisting of people with similar positions in socio economic class
Class lines
A set of behaviours organized around how either a male or female should think and behave
Gender Schema
An oversimplified or distorted generalization about the characteristics of men and women
Gender Stereotyping
The set of behaviours that society considers appropriate for each gender
Gender Role
Acting in accordance with some specified authority
Conformity
The neurotransmitter chemical that makes people feel happier
Seratonin
An integrated sense of self
Identity
How much one likes oneself
Self-esteem
Often based on good looks, personality, and athletic ability.
Popularity
Acts of running away, teen pregnancy, alcohol, drug abuse, which leads to under achievement in school
Juvenile Delinquency
A period of conflict in which adolescence worry intensely about who they are
Identity Crisis
Focuses on how we perceive, organize, and use information
Social Learning Theory
A small exclusive group of people within a larger group,
Clique
Freud says this is a result rather than the cause of identification
Gender Typing
The sex group masculine or feminine to which an individual biologically belongs
Gender Identity
The term for the first ejaculation
Spermarche
A hormone imbalance that produces premature puberty
Precocious Puberty
This psychologist said that identity is the key to adolescent development
Erikson
Ceremonies or rituals in which an individual is admitted new status, or accepted to new position.
Initiation rites
The point at which reproduction is first possible, at end of childhood
Puberty
Many teens get into thinking about “what if “ in order to understand and offer suggestions towards world conditions
Hypothetical
The term for the first menstrual period
Menarche
Examining ones own thoughts and motives
Introspection
This psychologist thought that adolescence is a rough time of storm and stress, confusion, and frustration
Hall
Adolescence who believe they can save the world from evil
Messiah Complex
The condition of uneven growth, or maturity of body parts
Asynchrony
This psychologist considers adolescence to be an enjoyable, positive, healthy experience for most
Mead
This psychologist says that peers teach us how to behave in the world, but parents supply the environment
Harris
An individual’s attempt to explain unpleasant emotion or situation that will preserve his or her self-esteem
Rationalization
Adolescence test
Review
Last Test
Multiple choice
Prejudice or discrimination against the elderly
Ageism
The study of death and dying
Thanatology
The idea that progressive physical and mental decline are inevitable with age
Decremental Model
A decrease in mental abilities experienced by some in old age.
Senile Dementia
The biological event in which a women’s production of sex hormones sharply decrease
Menopause
A permanent disability as opposed to an acute or temporary disability- can’t get rid of
Chronic Disease
The desire in middle age to use accumulated wisdom to guide the future generations
Generativity
A discontinuation of development and the desire to recapture the past
Stagnation
A facility designed to care for the special needs of the dying
Hospice
A neurological condition that destroys the ability to think, remember, relate to others, and care for him or herself, a deteriorating of cognitive functioning.
Alzheimer’s disease
Males that make it between the ages of 36 and 40 becoming fully independent
Boom
When the last of the children finally leave home, the parents are called..
Empty Nesters
A theory of aging in which some psychologists think the present mechanism limits the number of times our cells multiply and divide.
Biological Clock
All of the psychological and biological changes that occur between ages 45 and 50.
Climacteric
The ability to use accumulated knowledge
Crystallized Intelligence
The ability to solve abstract relational problems, and generate a new hypotheses- learning new things.
Fluid Intelligence
- memory loss or forgetfulness
- impaired attention
- altered personality
- difficulty relating to other people
- distortion of time and place
What are these the symptoms of?
Senile Dementia
Short Answer
Short Answer
According to made selection research a male desires a female younger than himself.. why?
So she can bear his children and pass on his genes. She has younger ova, etc.
A female chooses a male who’s older than herself because?
He can offer resources necessary to support a family.
Two characteristics she especially looks for are?
Ambition/motivation and intelligence.
The famous munk scientist that initiated genetic experiments to develop specialized characteristics for hardier plants?
Gregor Mendel
Ann Anastasi says the important question is, “How heredity (nature) and environment (nurture) work together to make us what we are?”. Discuss the statement with examples and relate it to intelligence.
Journal:
It’s possible for genesis to estimate the heritability of measured intelligence. That how smart you are depends on both your inherited factors as well as the environment you grew up in. Genetics account for about 50% of your environment and 50% for genetics. Genetic endowment is more evident as you age. Remember, as you get older you’re going to be more like your biological parents as far as IQ goes. IQ increases from 50% in childhood to 80% in adulthood. Environment decreases from 30% in childhood to 0% in adulthood. Adoptive kids IQ is more like the biological parents, but can increase to up to 20 points if adopted into an intellectually stimulating home. Environmental factors influence how one’s genotype or genetic makeup is translated into a phenotype of actual traits. You may be born with a genetic propensity, but your environment often determines the outcome. Ex, diabetes or Jeanie. However, somethings like the most heritable traits like eye color are solely genetic. The most variable are our attitudes and social skills, etc. Which are more related to environment. Ex, Jeanie may have been born with the inherited genotype to be a nuclear physicist, extremely intelligent, but because of her abusive environment, with no stimulation from the outside world, her actual phenotype ended up with her not progressing to a level of more than a 5 year old.
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
on the 23rd pair of chromosomes, an XY indicates that the gender of the baby will be…
Male
characterized by refusing to eat and not maintaining weight
Anorexia Nervosa
young male adults from ages 22-28.
Novices
this refers to a serious eating disorder characterized by compulsive overeating, usually followed by self-induced vomiting and the abuse of laxatives
Bulimia
a time of mixed abilities and responsibilities in which children-like behaviour changes to adult behaviour
Adolescence
many teens think they are invincible, terrible things only happen to others.
Invulnerability
the stage where adolescence have considered many ideas and options, and committed themselves to an occupation.
Identity Achievement
the stage where adolescence have not given any thought to identity.
Identity confused or diffused
The stage when adolescence consider the issues seriously, but have not made any decisions yet.
Identity Moratorium
the stage where adolescence have made a firmed commitment based on what someone else thinks, not their own opinion.
Identity Foreclosure
Symptoms include inability to concentrate, extreme sadness, worthlessness, thoughts of death and suicide.
Depression
The fourth leading cause of death in the elderly in North America.
Alzheimer’s Disease
ages 40 to 50 that marks the beginning of frustration and unhappiness, versus some people who find it to be a period of generativity.
Midlife transition
Concepts to know
Long answer
Modern Psychology root disciplines
- Science
2. Philosophy
Nature
heredity, the DNA makeup (hair colour, eye colour, etc.)
Nurture
- environment (like KCS, or a school, shaping us)
Basic research
Going out and getting the data
Applied Research
using the basic data received and using it to find answers to solve problems.
Focused Imaging
When sports psychologists work with someone to imagine or visualize in their mind the correct way to perform a skill, an example is what it feels like to do a perfect dive.
Approximately how long is a female’s cycle (ovulation)?
28 Days
The egg leaves the ovary, travels down through the..
Fallopian tubes,
And from the fallopian tubes into the..
Uterus/womb
If the ovum is not fertilized what happens?
It disintegrates and leaves the body with the menstrual flow.
Human Gestation Period in days:
266 days
Human Gestation Period in months:
9 months
Why an ovum is only fertilized by one sperm?
The fertilized zygote gives off a biochemical reaction that repels the other sperm and keeps them from penetrating.
The baby’s heart begins to beat at week
4
How many blastula fail to implant
50%
Of those blastula successful, what is the survival rate?
25%
Stages of prenatal development from conception:
Zygote, Blastula, Embryo, Fetus
How blastulas implant into the uterus:
tendrils called villi into the uterine wall/endometrium.
Why do pregnant women cease menstruating?
The embryo secretes a hormone, biochemical reaction that prevents it from happening
This is important because:
if they did menstruate, they would shed the uterine lining and the embryo would likely exit with it, spontaneous abortion
What does the age of viability mean?
Survival outside of the womb is possible, at 6 months.
The safest time for women to have babies is between:
ages 16 and 35
Risks associated with pregnancy after this age:
Birth complications, prematurity, low birth weight, chromosome abnormalities, spontaneous aborting.
Why do doctors worry about low birth weight:
the lungs (not enough surfactant), and brain may not be fully developed, their immune system may not be developed so more likely to develop infection.
3 Stages of prenatal development
- Germinal Period from 8-14 days
- Embryonic Period from 2-8 weeks
- Fetal Period from 9-38 weeks
Normal length of labour for first time mother:
8-14 hours
Post-partum depression:
Family history of depression (genetics), steep drops in hormones after delivery, stresses associated with child birth and deliver, overwhelmed by responsibilities, stresses in relationship conflicts.
3 major goals parents have for children:
- Survival- so that they can reproduce, have children of their own and continue the species.
- Economic self-sufficiency- so that they can care for themselves, and live on their own, especially when parents are no longer around. Will the child be able to look after the parent?
- Self-Actualization- where they foster capacities to maximize the cultural values, religion, achievement, wealth, and prestige, a sense of personal satisfaction.
If a women is considering becoming a mother she should:
Quit/give up smoking, seek good prenatal care, eat an adequate diet, protect against disease, avoid drugs, and enroll in Lamaze classes.
Most affective parenting style:
Democratic/Authoritative because the children learn to handle responsibility, and they identify with their parents in decision making, they assume a cohesive identity.
Normal birth weight
7.3 pounds
Normal birth height
18-22 inches (20 ish)
When researchers are dong experiments with new born infants, they watch for:
sucking, eye movements, and expressions or pleasure or displeasure.
Visual Cliff, infant’s 4-6 moths:
they will be puzzled and confused though their mom is coaching them over.
Babies 7-10 months: (Visual Cliff)
will not go, in fear of falling and getting hurt.
Kohlberg’s stages of moral development:
- Pre-conventional- obedience and punishment. Children are egocentric, all about themselves, and will do anything for rewards.
- Conventional- they are “people pleases” there is a strong belief in rules.
- Post-conventional- being the best they can be. Focus on empathy and justice. They do things because they are the right thing to do, they want the benefit of the common good.
Erik Erikson says that the establishment of what is the key to adolescent development:
Assuming a cohesive identity
Adults are at their physical peak between the ages of:
18-30
Rites of passage:
birthdays, weddings, graduations, bar/bat mitzvahs
Best good health choices:
exercise, diet , and lifestyle
Major causes of death in the elderly:
Heart disease, cancer, stroke
Most devastating life transition:
the loss of a spouse because they depend on each other for companionship.
Disadvantages to students having jobs:
: less time to study, can create false ideas about money, gain false impressions/ideas of the workplace, and experience a false sense of affluation.
5 stages of Death and Dying
- Denial- they experience shock and numbness. “it can’t be happening to me” or “I’ll get another opinion”
- Anger- “why me?” mad because the lost chances and shortened lifespan, they will miss out on experiences.
- Bargaining- ask God to make a deal, or bargain with the doctor about the diagnosis.
- Depression- due to the complete loss they feel hopeless. It’s important to not try to cover the sadness and force them to act happy. Allow them to express their sadness.
- Acceptance- they experience a sense of peace and calm. They deal with their belongings, saying who gets what. They may choose to become detached.
Urie Bronfenbrenner’s concentric circle
- U(Inside) Microsystem- family, friends, peers, teachers, coached, religious community
- (Middle) Exosystem- school, media, community groups, health agencies
- (Outside) Macrosystem- Culture, society, time periods, economic conditions, world locations.
Diagrams
Diagrams
Endocrine System (diagram)
(Brain) Pineal Gland (By ear) Pituitary Gland (Top neck) Parathyroid Gland (Neck) Thyroid gland (Top of kidney) Adrenal Gland (Between Kidneys) Pancreas Ovaries Testes
Baby in prenatal (diagram)
Uterine Wall (left side)
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Right side
Placenta
Umbilical cord
Chorion (outside)
Amnion (inside)
Cervix
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