Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Vertebrate Anatomy > FINAL > Flashcards

FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

what does vertebrate translate to

A

animal with metameric skeletal elements supporting a dorsal hollow nerve cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what does anatomy translate to

A

anatomia, structure, morphology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is metamerism

A

repeating units

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is one flaw in the word vertebrate

A

hagfish dont have vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what does anatomia translate to

A

cutting up or dissection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is interspecific

A

between species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is intraspecific

A

within species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

give an example of interspecific

A

locomotion and bipedalism of humans versus gorillas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

give an example of intraspecific

A

the different kinds of vertebrae in a human

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the inominate bone

A

ilium + ischium + pubis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the three subphyla of the chordates

A

cephalochordata, urochordata, vertebrata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is found within the urochordata

A

tunicates (sea squirts)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is found within the cephalochordata

A

amphioxious (lancelets)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

a vertebrate is a deuterostome, what does this mean

A

it refers to the anus being formed first from the blastopore during development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is an example of a hemichordate

A

acord worm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is osteology

A

the study of bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is a craniate

A

an organism that possesses a cranium (bone or cartilage)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the three classes in subphylum urochordata

A

ascidiacea, larvaceae, thaliaceae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what subphylum has their notochord only in the tail

A

urochordates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what subphylum has notocord in head and tail

A

cephalochordates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the 5 chordate features

A

notochord, dorsal hollow nerve chord, pharyngeal openings, post anal tail, endostyle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is a notochord

A

endoskeletal structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the dorsal hollow nerve chord

A

main nerve chord of the body, anteriorily forms the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the function of the post anal tail

A

generally used for locomotion or balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is the function of the endostyle

A

it acts as a food trap in some organisms (thyroid in some)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what does deuterostome translate to

A

secondary mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what are the deuterostomes

A

chordates, echinoderms, hemichordates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

how is short term ATP synthesis done in deuterostomes

A

phosphocreatine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

how is short term ATP synthesis done in non-deuterostomes

A

phosphoargine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

whats the difference between phosphocreatine and phosphoargine

A

same function, different molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

why would an organism use phosphocreatine or phosphoargine

A

gives energy faster than anaerobic respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what was the first theory of chordate origins and who did it come from

A

annelid-arthropod
dorsal ventral inversion
1822 geoffroy st. hillaire

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what was the second theory of chordate origins and did it come from

A

auricularian hypothesis
chordates arise from echinoderm larvae and tunicate larvae
1928 Garstang

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is the current theory of chordate origins

A

earliest chordates came from cephanochordates which probably came from hemichordates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

give an example of species that would fit into the current theory of chordate origins

A

acorn worm –> lancelet –> cat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what is an auricularian in short

A

type of deuterostome larvae that is a dipleureae (comes from sea cucumbers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

why was st hillaire’s chordate origins theory proven wrong

A

convergent evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what is histology

A

the study of tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what is a tissue

A

a group of similar cells performing a common function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what are the ways cells can be performing a common function

A

appearance, morphology, embryonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what is a cell in relation to histology

A

fundamental living elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what is the matrix in relation to histology

A

acellular, non-living components surrounding the cells (goop between the cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what are the four primary tissue types

A

epithelia, connective tissue, muscle, nervous tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what is epithelial tissue

A

the tissue that lines organs (inner most and outermost tissue)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

describe epithelial tissue

A

absorbent, secretory, or protective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

how are epithelial cell tissues classified

A

cell shape, stratification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what is the difference between apical and basal epithelial tissues

A

apical is top or surface cells, basal is bottom cells or inner cells where other cells adhere to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what is the density of epithelial cells

A

high cell density, little matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what does it mean that a tissue is stratified

A

it has layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what are the three types of epithelial cells

A

squamos, cuboidal, columnar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

where can you find squamos cells (epithelial tissue)

A

kidney, lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

what is the function of cuboidal epithelium

A

secretion and absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

where can cuboidal epithelia cells be found

A

kidney tubules, ducts, secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

what is a pseudocolumnar epithelium

A

varying lengths of epithelial cells make it look like theres layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

what are connective tissues

A

lots of matrix (bone and cartilage)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

how do epithelial cells adhere to basal membrane

A

by proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

what do echinoderm larvae look like

A

bilaterally symmetrical, 2 bands cilia, complete gut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

give example of auricularian theory

A

echinoderm to hemichordate to chordate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

what are the periods in the paleozoic era

A

cambrian, ordovician, silurian, devonian, carboniferous, permian (can older students develop crappy personalities)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

what are the periods in the mesozoic era

A

triassic, jurassic, cretaceous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

when was the age of fishes

A

silurian, devonian, carboniferous, permian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

what MYA was paleozoic era

A

575-230

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

what MYA was mesozoic era

A

230-65

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

how many MYA was pikaia

A

530

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

when did the gnathosomes appear

A

ordovician

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

when did amphibians appear

A

devonian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

when did reptiles appear

A

carboniferous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

when did therapsids appear

A

permian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

when did mammals and dinosaurs appear

A

triassic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

what were the ostracoderms

A

early agnathan fishes with dermal bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

what are the oldest bones found in fossil records

A

dermal bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

what are examples of dermal bone in modern day

A

turtle shells, fish scales

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

what is paedomorphosis

A

retention of juvenile characteristics in adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

what was myllokunmingia

A

lower cambrian craniate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

what was haikouichthys

A

lower cambrian vertebrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

what are the 10 characteristics of a vertebrate

A

5 of chordate, integument with dermis and epidermis, complete digestive system, advanced circulatory system, excretory system, endocrine system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

where is the vertebrate digestive system in relation to the spinal column

A

digestive system is ventral in relation to spinal column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

what is the endocrine system

A

series of ductless glands with secretory products (hormones) released directly into the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

why is it difficult to identify notochord cells

A

they look like adipose cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

what is the notochord replaced by in most vertebrates

A

usually replaced by vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

what does the dorsal hollow nerve chord usually contain

A

usually has an anterior cranial expansion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

what kind of expansion is a traditional brain

A

tripartite meaning three bulbs of expansion on the anterior end of the dorsal hollow nerve chord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

what is typical of most vertebrates to do with their “brain”

A

encase it with a cranium (bone or cartilage)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

what on the blastopore forms the notochord

A

the blastoporal lip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

who experimented with putting two blastoporal lips on the same blastopore

A

spemann

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

what classes comprise the agnathans

A

ostracoderms, pteraspidomorphi, conodonita, myxinoidea, pteromyzontida

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

what does agnathan mean

A

absence of jaw (jawless fishes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

what is found in class chondrictes

A

cartilagenous fishes (sharks skates rays)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

what is found in acanthodii

A

spiny fishes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

what is found in actinopterygii

A

ray finned fishes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

what is found in sarcopterygii

A

fleshy finned fishes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

which portion of the skeleton is oldest

A

axial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

what portion of the skelton is newest

A

appendicular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

how many planes of sectioning are there to bilaterally symmetrical organisms

A

3 planes of symmetry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

what are the three distinct origins of the mammalian skull

A

splanchnocranium, chrondrocranium, dermatocranium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

which region of the skull is oldest

A

splanchnocranium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

what is the splanchnocranium associated with

A

the pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

what is the chrondrocranium associated with

A

surrounds the bottom and the sides of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

what is the dermatocranium associated with

A

the top of the brain box

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

what is a demifacet

A

dent in thoracic ribs where rib touches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

what is the first vertebrae

A

C1 is the atlas (holds up cranium)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

what is the second vertebrae

A

C2 is the axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

what classes are in the teleostomi

A

acanthodii, actinopterygii, sarcopterygii

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

what class of fishes did mammals evolve from

A

sarcopterygii

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

if you are not an amniote then what are you

A

if not amniote then anamniote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

what are the anamniotes

A

fishes and amphibians

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

what are the amniotes

A

birds, mammals, reptiles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

what does it mean that youre an amniote

A

you dont have to deposit your eggs in water (can create own water in an egg)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

bone and cartilage are very similar but primarily differ in what

A

they differ in their matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

what are the three types of cartilage

A

fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage, hyaline cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

what are the two kinds of bone

A

spongy bone, compact bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
112
Q

what are the caudata

A

salamanders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
113
Q

adipose cells are filled with fat, notochord cells are filled with what

A

filled with water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
114
Q

what does it mean to be a vacuoled cell

A

most of the cell is occupied by something else (ex. adipose and notochord)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
115
Q

with vacuoled cells there is usually a sheath covering the mass of cells. what is this sheath made of

A

collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
116
Q

what are the disks between vertebrae

A

annulus of fibrocartilage with nucleus pulpous in between

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
117
Q

where can notochord cells be found in adult mammals

A

in the nucleous pulpous of the vertebral disks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
118
Q

what can mesenchyme produce

A

fibroblast, chondroblast, osteoblast, hematopoetic stem cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
119
Q

what do fibroblasts produce

A

connective tissues (fat, skin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
120
Q

what do chondroblasts produce

A

cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
121
Q

what do osteoblasts form

A

bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
122
Q

what do hematopoetic stem cells produce

A

blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
123
Q

what is mesenchyme

A

embryonic tissue made of migrating cells thats not found in sheets, but found in blobs (pleuripotent cells (stem))

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
124
Q

what does blast mean

A

forming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
125
Q

what is matrix composed of

A

collagen, elastic fibres, proteoglycans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
126
Q

what are proteoglycans

A

core protein with link proteins with glycosaminoglycans (looks like test tube cleaning brush)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
127
Q

what are the 6 types of glycosaminoglycans (GAG’s)

A

hyaluronate, chondroitin sulfate, heparin sulfate, heparin, dermatan sulfate, keratin sulfate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
128
Q

are GAG’s hydrophilic or hydrophobic

A

hydrophilic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
129
Q

Where is hyaluronate found (GAG)

A

synovial fluid, vitreous humour, ECM of loose connective tissue, large polymers, shock absorbing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
130
Q

where is chondroitin sulfate found (GAG)

A

cartilage, bone, heart valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
131
Q

what is the most abundant of the GAG’s

A

chondroitin sulfate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
132
Q

where is heparan sulfate found (GAG)

A

basement membranes, components of cell surfaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
133
Q

where is heparin found (GAG)

A

intracellular granules of mast cells, line arteries of lungs liver and skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
134
Q

where is dermatan sulfate found (GAG)

A

skin, blood vessels, heart valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
135
Q

where is keratin sulfate found (GAG)

A

cornea, bone, cartilage (makes things waterproof)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
136
Q

in general how is cartilage formed

A

mesenchyme to chondroblast then GAGs surround chondroblast then GAGs surrounded by a lacuna shell. once surrounded by lacuna its cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
137
Q

whats a place you could find elastic cartilage

A

ears

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
138
Q

whats the function of elastic cartilage

A

maintains shape of structure while allowing great flexibility (more elastic fibres in matrix)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
139
Q

where can fibrocartilage be found

A

intervertebral joints, pubic symphyses, discs of knee joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
140
Q

whats the function of fibrocartilage

A

tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
141
Q

what is the predominant fiber in fibrocartilage matrix

A

thick collagen fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
142
Q

where can hyaline cartilage be found

A

embryonic skeleton, covers ends of long bones, costal cartilage on ribs, cartilage of nose, trachea, larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
143
Q

whats the function of hyaline cartilage

A

supports and reinforces, resilient cushioning, resists comprehensive stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
144
Q

what is osseous tissue

A

bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
145
Q

what is compact bone

A

cortical bone thats outside bone (flat bone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
146
Q

what is spongy bone

A

cancelous, inside spongy bone (network of osseous tissue)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
147
Q

what is osteogenesis

A

the formation of bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
148
Q

what are the two types of osteogenesis

A

intramembranous

cartilage replacement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
149
Q

what is osteogenesis in the form of intramembranous bone formation

A

happens to flat bone of skull and clavicles, happens within fibrous connective membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
150
Q

what is osteogenesis in the form of cartilage replacement bone formation

A

happens in most skeletal elements, can be perichondral or endochondral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
151
Q

what is an ossification center

A

the site of bone formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
152
Q

what engages osteogenesis

A

osteoblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
153
Q

what removes existing bone

A

osteoclasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
154
Q

what maintains fully formed bone

A

osteocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
155
Q

in what kind of development is the first formative bone nonlamellar

A

endochondral and intramembranous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
156
Q

what is another name for nonlamellar bone

A

immature bone or woven bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
157
Q

what is nonlamellar bone

A

lots of cells interspersed amongst irregularly strewn bundles of collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
158
Q

what is perichondral

A

on the outside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
159
Q

what is endochondral

A

on the innermost

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
160
Q

what is lamellar bone

A

mature bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
161
Q

what does osteogenesis start with

A

local aggregations of loosel arranged mesenchymal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
162
Q

in what kind of osteogenesis formation is cartilage an intermediate

A

endochondral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
163
Q

when someone stops growing what has happened

A

their epiphysial plates have closed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
164
Q

what are the three regions have a bone

A

epiphysis, metaphysis, diaphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
165
Q

what is another name for the metaphysis

A

epiphyseal plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
166
Q

what is the first step of bone formation from endochronral

A

loose cellections of mesenchymal cells consense to form hyaline cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
167
Q

what is the second step of bone formation in endochondral

A

bone collar forms in region of diaphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
168
Q

what deposits the bone collar

A

cells on inner surface of diaphysis become osteoblasts and deposit the collar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
169
Q

what is happening in the bone at the same time as the formation of the bone collar

A

inorganic calcium salts accumulate in the matrix to calcify cartilage in the core of the diaphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
170
Q

what is the function of calcium in bone formation

A

calcify cartilage, seal off chondrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
171
Q

what is the function of sealing off chrondrocytes in bone formation

A

seal them off so they die so vasculature can invade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
172
Q

when is the primary center of ossification established

A

when osteoblasts appear in the core of the bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
173
Q

what happens in the center of ossification

A

old bits of calcified cartilage bone become overlaid by new bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
174
Q

what are trabeculae

A

transitional composites of new bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
175
Q

when are trabeculae considered bone spiracles

A

when an ossified matrix predominates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
176
Q

what do osteoclasts signal in osteogenesis

A

signals active nature of bone remodeling through matrix deposition and removal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
177
Q

what is the difference between osteoblast and osteoclast

A

blast deposits, clast removes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
178
Q

where is the active area of cartilage growth, calcification, cartilage removal, and new bone deposition

A

epiphyseal plates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
179
Q

what do chondrocytes do in response to approaching ossification

A

chondrocytes proliferate and hypertrophy as surrounding matrix calcifies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
180
Q

what lengthens bone

A

proliferation of cartilage in the epiphyses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
181
Q

what contributes to an increase in bone girth

A

continued depositon of bone under diaphyseal periosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
182
Q

why can fish grow larger even if reached sexual maturity

A

only bird and mammals stop growing when they reach adult and sexual maturity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
183
Q

what is the basic steps of osteogenesis

A

cartilage calcifies, blood vessels invade epiphyses, osteoblasts appear, new bone deposited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
184
Q

when do secondary centers of ossification appear in humans

A

at 2-3 years of age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
185
Q

when does the zone of ossification take over cartilage proliferation

A

at or shortly after mammals reach sexual maturity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
186
Q

what are the 5 chordate characteristics that all vertebrates have

A

notochord, pharyngeal openings, post anal tail, endostyle, dorsal hollow nerve cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
187
Q

what are the innovations of chordates that are characteristic to vertebrates

A

cranium and vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
188
Q

what are vertebrae

A

series of separate bones or cartilage blocks firmly joined together as a back bone that defines the major axis of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
189
Q

what are between vertebrae

A

intervertebral disks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
190
Q

what are the 3 basic parts to a vertebra

A

centrum, neural arch, hemal arch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
191
Q

what structural element did early vertebrates rely o

A

has vertebrae but still mainly relied on the notochord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
192
Q

where does the notochord remain in advanced vertebrates

A

in the nucleous pulpous in the intervertebral disks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
193
Q

what is the function of a cranium

A

supports sensory organs in the head and encases or partially encases the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
194
Q

what does cephalization mean

A

anterior clustering of specialized sensory organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
195
Q

what are the three parts of the brain

A

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
196
Q

what two kinds of cells give rise to most sensory organs in the head and are the source of most adult structures that distinuish vertebrates from chordates

A

neural crest cells, epidermal placodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
197
Q

in what habitat are the earliest vertebrates found

A

marine waters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
198
Q

what are the three stages of vertebrate evolution

A

prevertebrates, agnathans, gnathostomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
199
Q

what is a prevertebrate

A

suspension feeding organism that probably resembled amphioxious without burrowing habits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
200
Q

how did agnathans feed

A

use of a muscular pump to produce food bearing water current

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
201
Q

where did the prevertebrates arise from

A

arose within protochordates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
202
Q

what two mechanical changes caused the shift from prevertebrate to vertebrate

A

pharynx developed encircling band of muscles, strong and springy cartilage replaced collagen in pharyngeal bars (this formed the muscular pump)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
203
Q

what removed the limits to size in early vertebrates

A

the loss of cilliary pump and the dominance of muscular pump

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
204
Q

what did the muscular pump of prevertebrates allow for

A

allowed for larger body size, more complex feeding, addition of gills instead of pharyngeal openings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
205
Q

what are gills

A

complex, folded respiratory organs on pharyngeal pouches whose folds contain blood capillary beds capable of gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
206
Q

what are the folds of gills called

A

lamellae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
207
Q

what did the addition of gills allow for in vertebrates

A

allowed for increased respiratory demands made by organism due to increased activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
208
Q

how did early vertebrates arise to the agnathan stage

A

appearance of muscular pharyngeal pump

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
209
Q

what are the 5 agnathan groups

A

conodonts, pteraspidomorphi, ostracoderms, myxini, pteromyzontida

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
210
Q

what kind of feeding did early gnathostomes posses

A

raptiorial and suction feeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
211
Q

what removed size restriction of prey for gnathistomes

A

addition of jaws

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
212
Q

if youre not a fish youre a ____

A

tetrapod

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
213
Q

what are amniotes

A

vertebrates that wrap their embryos in an amnion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
214
Q

who are the anamniotes

A

fishes and amphibians

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
215
Q

what are jaws derived from

A

phyrengeal arches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
216
Q

were ostracoderms vertebrates

A

no, notochord instead of vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
217
Q

ostracoderms were not considered craniates, why

A

they had a dermal bone head shield but not a chondral cranium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
218
Q

what do odontoblasts do

A

form dentin and enamel (mesenchymal derivatives)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
219
Q

how does dermal bone vary most significantly from other bone types

A

dermal bone has an enamel surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
220
Q

what is the issue with having bone made of enamel and dentin

A

no blood vessels so its not reparable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
221
Q

what are the extant agnathans

A

hagfish and lampreys (myxini and pteryomyzontida)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
222
Q

what kind of larvae do lampreys have

A

ammocoete (kind of like amphioxious)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
223
Q

what kind of teeth do lampreys have

A

keratinized teeth (like finger nails)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
224
Q

lampreys and hagfish do not have arcualia when embryonic, what are arcualia

A

theyre embryonic structures that form vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
225
Q

whats the ecological difference between hagfish and lampreys

A

lampreys are ectoparasites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
226
Q

what kind of feeding do hagfish have

A

carrion feeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
227
Q

what is carrion feeding

A

eat dead stuff

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
228
Q

how many semicircular canals do lampreys have

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
229
Q

how many semicircular canals do hagfish have

A

1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
230
Q

hagfish are unique in that they are isoosmotic, what is isoosmotic

A

organisms cells are in balance with the salt of the ocean

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
231
Q

what organism displays knotting feeding when feeding

A

hagfish

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
232
Q

what are the cyclostomes

A

hagfish and lamprey because they have circular mouths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
233
Q

where does the fossil data for hagfish and lampreys reach to

A

late devonian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
234
Q

all agnathans lack ____ and possess____

A

lack bone and possess a single nostril

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
235
Q

what is the function of hagfish knotting

A

provides force to tear off food from a larger body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
236
Q

hagfish are hermaphrodites but they are not practicing hermaphrodites, what does this mean

A

they have both sets of gonads but only use one set, must have another hagfish present to reproduce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
237
Q

what kind of agnathan has vertebrae

A

some hagfish have embryonic vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
238
Q

what does it mean for water movement in the body of the hagfish that it is isoosmotic

A

no net flow o water in or out of the body (doesnt have to drink or pee)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
239
Q

what was most likely the direct ancestor to hagfish

A

invertebrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
240
Q

how does a lamprey stay in place in moving water

A

grasps rock in mouth and holds it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
241
Q

what kind of feeding does the lamprey larva show

A

suspension feeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
242
Q

what kind of fins do lamprey have

A

medial fins (paired fins and limbs absent)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
243
Q

when do the earliest vertebrates come from

A

early cambrian of China

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
244
Q

what does the word conodont mean

A

cone teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
245
Q

what kind of feeding did conodonts have

A

selected and fed on larger food particles (prey)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
246
Q

when were ostracoderms most dominant

A

very late cambrian, silurian, early devonian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
247
Q

what was the first agnathan group to possess paired appendages

A

ostracoderms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
248
Q

what was the first vertebrate to have an intricate lateral line system

A

ostracoderms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
249
Q

what was the first vertebrate to have bone

A

ostracoderms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
250
Q

how large were most ostracoderms

A

minnow sized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
251
Q

what was the ostracoderm head shield

A

large bony plates of the head that were fused into a shield

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
252
Q

what is the endoskeleton of ostracoderms made of

A

most fossils suggest cartilagenous endoskeletons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
253
Q

what is of interest in the fins of ostracoderms

A

paired muscular fins observed in the same position and vasculature as gnathostomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
254
Q

what kind of falttening did ostracoderms have

A

dorsoventral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
255
Q

what are the three ostracoderm clades

A

pteraspidomorphs, osteostracans, anapsids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
256
Q

when do pteraspidomorphi ostracoderms appear

A

ordovician to late devonian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
257
Q

how many semicircular canals do pteraspidomorphi of the ostracoderms have

A

possess 2 semicircular canals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
258
Q

how many nares did pteraspidomorphi ostracoderms have

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
259
Q

what did pteraspidomorphi never have and what did they sometimes have

A

sometimes had lateral and dorsal spines, and never has paired fins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
260
Q

ostracoderms body shapes were either fusiform or flattened, what does fusiform mean

A

spindle shaped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
261
Q

what was a popular tail morphology within the ostracoderms

A

hypocercal tail (bottom lobe longer than upper lobe)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
262
Q

what does the tail morphology of ostracoderms suggest

A

suggests ostracoderms did more open water swimming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
263
Q

what are the two early groups of jawed fishes

A

placoderms and acanthodii

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
264
Q

when did acanthodii first appear

A

early sillurian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
265
Q

when did placoderms first appear

A

early sillurian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
266
Q

what was the early function of jaws

A

grasp, bite, crush prey (allowed for capturing of larger prey)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
267
Q

early gnathostomes has two types of paired fins, what were these fin types

A

pectoral and pelvic fins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
268
Q

where were the pectoral fins located on early gnathostomes

A

anterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
269
Q

where were the pelvic fins located on early gnathostomes

A

posteriorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
270
Q

what did paired fins allow for

A

stability and control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
271
Q

gnathostomes produced two major extant vertebrate groups, what are these two groups

A

chondrictes, teleostomi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
272
Q

what is within the chondrictes

A

sharks, skates, rays

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
273
Q

what is within the teleostomi

A

bony fishes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
274
Q

when do placoderms date from

A

early silurian, flourished in devonian, gone in early carboniferous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
275
Q

what is different about the bone in ostracoderms versus placoderms

A

placoderms dont have dentin in their dermal bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
276
Q

what distinguishes placoderms as a clade

A

bony thorax articulated with a bony head shield

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
277
Q

what was the first fish to have internal bone

A

placoderms had the first internal bone (neural and hemal arches were ossified)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
278
Q

what was the size range for placoderms

A

hand sized to 30 feet long

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
279
Q

what was probably the lifestyle of placoderms

A

benthic bottom feeders marine and freshwater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
280
Q

what are pelvic claspers

A

pelvic fins associated with internal fertilization (essentially penises)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
281
Q

placoderms were vivaparous, what does vivaparous mean

A

internal fertilization and give birth to live young

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
282
Q

what group has the distinction of being the only major group of vertebrates to become entirely extinct without descendents

A

placoderms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
283
Q

what are within the elasmobranchs

A

(of chondrictes) its the sharks and the rays

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
284
Q

what is within the holocephalans of chondrictes

A

chimearas (ratfish)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
285
Q

what is notable about the teeth of members in chondrictes

A

the teeth have serial replacement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
286
Q

what kind of scales do chondrictes have

A

placoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
287
Q

when did chondrictes arise

A

early devonian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
288
Q

what kind of tail did placoderms have

A

heterocercal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
289
Q

why is it important to note the tail type of placoderms

A

heterocercal tail meant probably didnt have a swim bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
290
Q

what arch becomes the upper jaw

A

epibranchial cartilage of the first arch becomes the palatoquadrate cartilage of the upper jaw

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
291
Q

what arch becomes the lower jaw

A

ceratobranchial cartilage of the first arch became mandibular cartilage (mekels)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
292
Q

what was the purpose of the second arch in the formation of jaws

A

in mammals it became hyoid arches, in other vertebrates it holds the first arch in place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
293
Q

if an organism retains the rest of its arches, what does it use them for

A

uses them to keep the cavity open and allows for gills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
294
Q

sharks have a spiracle on their head, what is this remenant of

A

the second pharyngeal opening moving upward creating a non functioning spiracle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
295
Q

chondrictes have sleek fusiform bodies, what does this suggest for function

A

suggests that they are/were active swimmers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
296
Q

what helps to keep chondrictes afloat

A

heterocercal tail and large liver filled with bouyant oils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
297
Q

what kind of birthing do chondrictes have

A

some have live birth, some have eggs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
298
Q

what is the functional support of most chondrictes

A

cartilagenous vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
299
Q

how many pharyngeal arches are in verts

A

7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
300
Q

how many pharyngeal openings are in verts

A

8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
301
Q

what group do rays belong to

A

batoidea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
302
Q

when does the ray fossils begin

A

early jurassic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
303
Q

what is the function of a spiracle in rays

A

primary way rays bring water into the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
304
Q

what is the difference between skates and rays

A

skates have a rostum, rays dont

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
305
Q

what group do the rays belong to

A

rajidae

306
Q

what kind of birthing do skates and rays have

A

vivapary (born live but in a “purse”

307
Q

what makes the ratfish tail different from the other chondrictes

A

it is not heterocercal, it is pointed

308
Q

how does the ratfish propel itself through water

A

large pectoral fins

309
Q

when do ratfish appear in fossil record

A

late devonian

310
Q

how do jaws of ratfish differ from sharks

A

upper jaw of ratfish fused to braincase

311
Q

how do ratfish gills differ from sharks

A

ratfish have an operculum, sharks dont

312
Q

how do ratfish breed

A

pelvic claspers and cephalic clasper (on head)

313
Q

what groups are in the teleostomes

A

acanthodii, osteichthyes

314
Q

what does the word acanthodii mean

A

spiny sharks

315
Q

what kind of tail do acanthodii have

A

heterocercal

316
Q

what is the characteristic feature of acanthodii

A

fins preceded by spines

317
Q

when do acanthodii live

A

early silurian to late ordovician

318
Q

what water types did acanthondii occupy

A

marine and freshwater

319
Q

what was the major mechanical support for acanthodians

A

ossified vertebral column with persistant notochord

320
Q

where did the acanthodii have dermal bone

A

has some dermal bone in the head but it was not composited into a head shield

321
Q

what was the first group to have a bony operculum

A

acanthodii had some members with bony operculum

322
Q

why are acanthodii probably more related to sharks than bony fishes

A

sharks and acanthodii both have subterminal mouth below the nose (bony fish dont have this)

323
Q

what kind of mouth do bony fish have

A

terminal mouth

324
Q

most living vertebrates are in what group

A

osteichthyes

325
Q

what group do bony fishes belong to

A

osteichthyes

326
Q

when do bony fishes appear

A

late silurian

327
Q

what characterizes osteichthyes

A

majority of the internal skeleton is made of bone

328
Q

what ostheicythes have a mostly cartilage skeleton

A

sturgeons, paddlefish, lungish,

329
Q

what organ do bony fishes have to support bouyancy

A

lepidotrichia

330
Q

what are lepidotrichia

A

slender bony rods or rays providing fan like internal support to the fins

331
Q

what are the two groups in the bony fishes

A

actinopterygeans, sarcopterigians

332
Q

what is the dominant group within the bony fishes

A

actinopterygeans

333
Q

what group in the bony fishes gave rise to the tetrapods

A

sarcopterygeans

334
Q

what does the word neopterygii mean

A

new fishes (older new fish)

335
Q

what kind of tail is found in the neopterygii

A

homocercal tail

336
Q

what does the world teleostean mean

A

newer new fishes

337
Q

what fish are within the teleostean

A

most fish

338
Q

what is a major difference in the fins of neopterygian and teleostean fishes

A

neo have pelvic fins pushed way back, teleo have pelvic fins pushed under the pectoral fins

339
Q

what are the two kinds of swim bladders

A

physo and physcli

340
Q

what is the primitive swim bladder

A

physo

341
Q

what is the advanced swim bladder

A

physcli

342
Q

what happens in physo swim bladder

A

swim bladder is connected to the stomach

343
Q

what happens in physcli swim bladder

A

swim bladder not connected to stomach, own gas gland that uses dissolved gasses to fill the bladder

344
Q

what kind of tails do sarcopterygii have

A

diphycercal tails

345
Q

what groups are within the sarcopterygii

A

dipnoi (lungfish), coelocanth, rhipidistia

346
Q

what genus does coealocanths belong to

A

latimeria

347
Q

what does the word actinopterygii mean

A

ray finned fishes

348
Q

what are the palaenoisciformes of the actinopterygii

A

primitive ray finned fishes

349
Q

what kind of scales do bichir have

A

rhomboidal ganoid scales

350
Q

when did neopterygeans arise

A

early mesozoic

351
Q

when did teleost fishes appear

A

late triassic

352
Q

where did tetrapod limbs evolve from

A

sarcopterygean fins

353
Q

sarcopterygians have choanae, what are choanea

A

extrernal nares open into the mouth through holes called choanea

354
Q

what kind of scales so sarcopterygians have

A

cosmoid scales

355
Q

when did coelocanths first appear

A

middle devonian

356
Q

what is weird about the coelocanth swim bladder

A

its filled with fat

357
Q

when did dipnoi first arise

A

(lungfish) first arose in devonian

358
Q

when do rhipidistians date to

A

early devonian to permian

359
Q

early devonian to permian

A

yes

360
Q

what kind of teeth are found in the rhipidistians

A

labrynthodont teeth

361
Q

why are rhipidisteans so important

A

theyre the direct ancestors to tetrapods

362
Q

when did tetrapods step onto land

A

late paleozoic

363
Q

what is tetrapoda formally characterized by

A

presence of a chiridium

364
Q

what is a chiridium

A

muscular limb with joints and digits

365
Q

what were the labrynthodonts

A

transition animals between rhipidisteans and tetrapods (ancient amphibians)

366
Q

what is the best studied rhipidistean

A

eusthenopteron

367
Q

the cleithrum of fishes turns into what on humans

A

turns into the spine of the scapula

368
Q

acanthostega was an ancient amphibian with how many phalanges

A

8

369
Q

what did tiktaalik look like

A

amphibian skull, fish body

370
Q

whats the order of transition species (oldest to newest)

A

acanthostega, tiktaalik, ichthyostega, limnoscelis, labryinthodonts

371
Q

what did ichthyostega look like

A

had a forelimb and a hing limb (7 digits)

372
Q

how many digits did limnoscelis have

A

5

373
Q

what is an eft

A

midpoint in the life cycle of newts where they are red and terrestrial

374
Q

what subclass are the modern amphibians within

A

lissamphibia

375
Q

what kind of organisms are in the caudata

A

those with a tail

376
Q

what kind of organisms are in the salientia

A

those without a tail

377
Q

what kind of organisms are in the apoda

A

those without feet

378
Q

what does paedomorphic mean

A

adult retining a juvenile feature

379
Q

what kinds of glands are in the skin of amphibians

A

mucous and poison glands

380
Q

amphibians can have physiologically active cromatophores, what do these do

A

produce colour

381
Q

amphibians have a urostyle, what is a urostyle

A

fusion of the vertebrae

382
Q

how many chambers are in an amphibian heart

A

3

383
Q

when is there a lateral line on amphibians

A

only in juvenile stages, lost in adulthood

384
Q

when did stapes first appear

A

in early labrynthodonts

385
Q

what kind of fertilization was most likely in labrynthodonts

A

external with eggs laid in water

386
Q

what kind of water was most common for labrynthodonts to frequent

A

freshwater

387
Q

when did lissamphibia arise

A

jurassic

388
Q

what is a lateral line organ

A

gives feedback on how water is moving (kinda like an inner ear)

389
Q

what is prismatic cartilage

A

calcium phosphate shell surrounding cartilage

390
Q

what kind of scales do sharks have

A

placoid scales

391
Q

whats another term for poison glands in amphibians

A

granular skin glands

392
Q

living amphibians have what kind of teeth

A

pedicellate

393
Q

what is the only lissamphibian to have internal fertilization

A

caecilians

394
Q

what are the two major amniote groups

A

sauropsida and synapsida

395
Q

what is within the sauopsids

A

birds, dinosaurs, reptiles

396
Q

how are saurapsid and synapsid skulls classified

A

based on the temporal bone of the skull

397
Q

what are the skull types

A

anapsid, diapsid, synapsid

398
Q

what differentiates suarapsids and synapsids from amphibians

A

sacrum attaches the hind limbs to the spinal chord

399
Q

what is the sacrum

A

fusion of 5 vertebrae

400
Q

what are the 5 key characteristics of amniotes

A

sacral vertebrae, cornified epidermal scales, advanced kidney, deeper skull, cleidoic egg

401
Q

what are cornified epidermal scales

A

lizard scales, bird leg scales (not the same thing as fish scales)

402
Q

what kind of advanced kidney is characteristic of vertebrates

A

metanepharous kidney

403
Q

why is a metanepharoud kidney needed for advanced vertebrates

A

organism needs to be stingy with water and produce very concentrated urine

404
Q

what are the 4 extra embryonic membranes of the cleoidic egg

A

amnion, yolk sac, alantois, choreon

405
Q

what are the stem amniotes

A

cotylosaurs

406
Q

what is the mnenomic device for the 12 cranial nerves

A

oh oh oh to touch and feel a girls vagina ah heaven

407
Q

what are the 12 cranial nerves

A

olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abduceans, facial, auditory, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal

408
Q

what are the three branches of the trigeminal nerve

A

ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular

409
Q

where are the trochlear nerves found

A

superior oblique muscles

410
Q

where is the absuceans nerve found

A

lateral rectus

411
Q

where is the glossopharyngeal nerve found

A

tongue and pharynx

412
Q

where is the accessory nerve found

A

skeletal muscle

413
Q

where is the hypoglassal nerve found

A

below the tongue

414
Q

what is the outermost layer of an amniote

A

choreon

415
Q

what is the eurypsid skull derived from

A

has one temporal fostra, derived from diapsid

416
Q

what is an organism with a diapsid skull

A

tuatara, lizards, birds

417
Q

what is an animal with an anapsid skull

A

turtles

418
Q

what is an animal with a synapsid skull

A

mammals

419
Q

what are the two types of jaw joints (articulations)

A

quadrate-artricular and temporal-mandibular

420
Q

what is endothermy

A

physiological adaptation where animal maintains internal temperature

421
Q

what animals are endotherms

A

birds and mammals

422
Q

why dont more organisms use endothermy

A

its calorifically expensive

423
Q

what is the major benefit of endothermy

A

allows independence in climates regardless of temperature or time of day

424
Q

what is a synapsid skull

A

single pair temporal openings

425
Q

what is a diapsid skull

A

two pairs of temporal openings

426
Q

what kinds of skulls did dinosaurs have

A

diapsid skulls

427
Q

what is the most likley sister group to the amniotes

A

diadectomorphs

428
Q

when did diadectomorphs evolve

A

in late carboniferous with the lissamphibia

429
Q

what does cotylosaur mean

A

stem reptiles

430
Q

mesosaurs belong to what group

A

sauropsids

431
Q

whatis the earliest evidence for continental drift

A

mesosaurs only found in south american and africa

432
Q

to what group do reptilia belong

A

saurapsids

433
Q

what is found in the parareptilia

A

turtles, and fossils

434
Q

what is found in lepidosaurs

A

fossils, snakes, smae lizards

435
Q

what is in archosaurmorpha

A

dinosaurs and birds

436
Q

what arose from eureptilia

A

lepidosaurs, archosaurs, and ichthyterygia

437
Q

what are the squamates

A

snakes, lizards

438
Q

what do archosaurs lead to the first appearance of

A

bipedalism

439
Q

what is an advantage to having a diapsid skull

A

elongation of trigeminal nerves allowing for a stronger bite

440
Q

what kind og jaw joint do lizards have

A

articular-quadrate

441
Q

what is the amniote columella synomenous with in reptiles

A

stapes

442
Q

what animals have anapsid skulls

A

mesosaurs, cotylosaurs, turtles

443
Q

what cranial nerve drives mastication

A

trigeminal nerve

444
Q

what are amphibaenians

A

legless lizards

445
Q

what does fossorial mean

A

lives underground (legless lizards do this)

446
Q

what does pneumatized mean

A

hollow

447
Q

what kinds of bones do birds have

A

pneumatized

448
Q

what vertebrates lack teeth entirely

A

birds and turtles

449
Q

birds have a pygostyle, what is a pygostyle

A

fusion of caudal vertebrae

450
Q

birds have a synsacrum, what is synsacrum

A

sacrum is fused to the ribs and thoracic vertebrae in a cage like structure

451
Q

what kind of sternum do birds have

A

keeled sternum

452
Q

what is a keeled sternum

A

sternum with a plate sticking out, attaches pectoral muscles to humerous to aid in flying

453
Q

are feathers diagnostic of birds

A

no, because they were found in dinosaurs as well

454
Q

what is considered the first bird

A

archaeopteryx

455
Q

what do birds outnumber

A

all vertebrates except for fish

456
Q

what verts can fly

A

birds, bats, pterosaurs

457
Q

what are the three major groups of the synapsids

A

pelycosaurs, therapsids, mammals

458
Q

what is a synapsid

A

amniote with one temporal fenestrae

459
Q

when did amniotes transition from ectotherm to endotherm

A

within the synapsids

460
Q

what did therapsids evolve from

A

pelycosaurs

461
Q

how many digits did therapsids have

A

5, and they were quadripeds

462
Q

when did mammals first arise

A

late triassic

463
Q

what did the first mammals look like

A

small and shrew like

464
Q

what kind of dentition do mammals have

A

heterodont dentition

465
Q

what is a mammal

A

endothermic furry animal nourished from birth by milk

466
Q

what is pelage

A

mammal coat of hair

467
Q

what is the proper name for whiskers

A

sensory vibrissae

468
Q

how many ear bones do mammals have

A

3

469
Q

what are mammals (evolutionarily)

A

late triassic therapsids

470
Q

what does heterodont mean

A

more than one kind of tooth (incisors, molars)

471
Q

what are the most ancient types of mammals

A

monotremes

472
Q

what is found in monotremes

A

platypus, echidna

473
Q

what distinguishes eutherian mammals from monotremous mammals

A

all eutherians have placentas

474
Q

what is the surface of skin

A

epidermis

475
Q

what is the middle of the skin

A

basal membrane

476
Q

what is the bottom layer of skin

A

dermis

477
Q

what does the dermis devlop from

A

mesoderm and mesenchyme

478
Q

what is epidermis derived from

A

ectoderm

479
Q

what is the superficial fascia (hypodermis)

A

between skin and muscle

480
Q

how much body weight does skin make up

A

about 15 percent

481
Q

what does the epidermis produce

A

hair, feathers, claws, nails, horns, beaks, (some) scales

482
Q

what are the three layers of epidermis

A

periderm, stratum basale, basal lamina

483
Q

what makes up integument

A

epidermis and dermis separated by basal membrane

484
Q

dermis is composed of fibrous connective tissue made up of mostly

A

collagen

485
Q

what is a ply

A

a woven layer of collagen fibers

486
Q

what produces moisture of skin

A

epidermis makes mucous to moisten skin

487
Q

how to land vertebrates keep epidermis moist

A

by encasing epidermis in keratin or cornifications

488
Q

what is the cornified or keratin layer of epidermis in land verts called

A

stratum corneum

489
Q

how does stratum corneum help prevent water loss

A

its a layer of keratinized or cornified dead cells. because theyre nonliving they help waterproof

490
Q

what does alpha keratin do

A

kills and flattens cells for waterproofing

491
Q

where is alpha keratin abundant

A

hair and nails

492
Q

what does beta keratin do

A

forms epidermal scales

493
Q

where is beta keratin found

A

lizard skin and bird feathers

494
Q

what other kinds of cells are found in skin

A

keratinocytes, langerhorn cells, merkel cells and melanocytes

495
Q

what do keratinocytes do

A

phagocytize cells

496
Q

what do melanocytes do

A

make themselves darker to protect from sun

497
Q

what do langerhans cells do

A

immune system cells in the skin

498
Q

what do merkel cells do

A

caps that sit on neurons that penetrate into epidermis

499
Q

mobile tongue first develops in ____

A

tetrapods

500
Q

what does tongue attach to

A

hyoid apparatus

501
Q

what are taste buds

A

sensory organs responsive to chemicals entering mouth

502
Q

what does the vomeronasal organ detect

A

smells pharamones

503
Q

what are pharamones

A

social chemicals of communication (often used in mating)

504
Q

what is the function of filiform papillae on tongue

A

help to rasp flesh from bones

505
Q

what is lingual feeding

A

shooting out tongue to stick to prey and eat it

506
Q

what is intraoral transport

A

moving food from tongue to buccal cavity

507
Q

what are the two major controlsystems in the body

A

nervous and endocrine

508
Q

what are the endocrine glands function

A

produce hormones (chemical messengers)

509
Q

how are hormones carried

A

through blood

510
Q

where is hair found

A

thin skin

511
Q

what is major differences between thin and thick skin

A

thin skin has thinner epidermis, thin dermis is looser, thin has hair.

512
Q

what are the glands of the dermis

A

subaceous gland, ‘apocrine’ sweat gland, ecrine sweat gland

513
Q

what does the subaceous gland do

A

secretes sebum

514
Q

what is the function of sebum

A

as hair grows its coated with sebum (holocrine secretion)

515
Q

what is the function of the ecrine sweat gland

A

coiled gland that secretes sweat via merocrine secretion

516
Q

how does sweat cool the body

A

evaporation of sweat from the body cools it

517
Q

what is the function of the ‘apocrine sweat gland’

A

secretes sweat onto hair in pubic region and armpits (merocrine functions)

518
Q

what is a key difference between ecrine and apocrine sweat glands

A

apocrine preserves fragrance of the hairs

519
Q

what are two other glands that can, but not always, be found in the dermis

A

ceruminous gland, scent glands

520
Q

what is the function of ceruminous glands

A

wax glands of the ears

521
Q

what is the function of the arrector pilus found in the dermis

A

smooth muscle that pulls on hairs allowing them to stand up

522
Q

what are some other things that can be found in the thin skin

A

adipose, blood vessels, nerve endings

523
Q

what are two types of nerves that can be found in the skin

A

free nerves, and encapsulated nerves

524
Q

what is a free nerve

A

not encapsulated

525
Q

what are some examples of free nerves

A

noseceptors, temperature receptors

526
Q

what is a noseceptor

A

pain receptor (detects something that may damage the tissue)

527
Q

what is a temperature receptor

A

measure change in temperature

528
Q

what are the kinds of encapsulated nerves in skin

A

merkel disks, meissners corpuscle, pacinian corpuscle

529
Q

what kind of receptors have merkel disks on the encapsulated nerve

A

touch receptors that are pressure activated

530
Q

what kind of receptors have meissners corpuscle

A

touch receptors that are sensitive to light touch (many in fingertips, few in back)

531
Q

what kind of receptors have pacinian corpuscle

A

touch receptors for deep touch with deep pressure on the skin

532
Q

the quil of a feather is located where in avian integument

A

buried on epidermis

533
Q

do feathers have vasculature

A

nope

534
Q

the inner hollow portion of a feather has two parts, what are they, and what is the difference between the two

A

quil and rachis. quil is in epidermis, structurally rachis is the same but its not in the epidermis

535
Q

what is the vane of a feather

A

the mass of fluff coming off the rachis

536
Q

what is an individual fluff of the vane of a feather called

A

a barb

537
Q

what is another name for a quill

A

calamus

538
Q

what branches off of barbs

A

barbules

539
Q

what are the 4 types of feathers

A

flight, down, filoplume, contour

540
Q

what is the function of down feathers and where are they found

A

they are for warmth and found beneath contour feathers

541
Q

what is avian integument characterized by

A

feathers, epidermal scales, preen gland

542
Q

what is the only integument gland birds have

A

preen

543
Q

what is the function of the preen gland

A

makes oil to coat feathers

544
Q

when do reptiles show an outer and inner integument

A

when molting

545
Q

reptiles have double layered scales, what are the two layers made of

A

outer is beta keratin, inner is alpha keratin

546
Q

what is found between the two layers of reptile integument

A

mesos layer for waterproofing

547
Q

what glands of reptiles have in their integument

A

they are largely glandless in integument

548
Q

what animal has the same integument as the lissamphibia

A

reptiles

549
Q

amphibians have a lightly cornified stratum cornum, what does this do for the animal

A

leaves integument light, soft, and smooth

550
Q

what kinds of glands of amphibians have in their integument

A

mucous glands and poison glands

551
Q

instead of scales what does frog integument have

A

chromatophores

552
Q

how thick is fish epidermis generally

A

can be as thin as one or two cells thick

553
Q

where are fish scales located

A

in the dermis (they are dermal bone)

554
Q

what glands are found in fish epidermis

A

unicellular mucous glands

555
Q

what does it mean that fish scales are imbrocated

A

the top of one covers the bottom of the next / / /

556
Q

what are the colour bearing cells in fish integument

A

chromatophores

557
Q

why can chromatophores be used to communicate in fishes

A

they are innervated so they can change colour/pattern

558
Q

how many pigments can one fish chromatophore bear

A

only one per chromatophore cell

559
Q

what does afferent mean in nervous system

A

approaching nervous system

560
Q

what does efferent mean in nervous system

A

moving away from the nervous system

561
Q

the anatomical division of the nervous system is divided into the ___ and the ___

A

central and peripheral

562
Q

what is included in the central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

563
Q

what is included in the peripheral nervous system

A

nodules(ganglia) and nerves

564
Q

what is spina bifida caused by

A

failure of neural tube closing in first trimester

565
Q

what is the central nervous system derived from

A

embryonic neural tube

566
Q

what is the peripheral nervous system derived from embryonically

A

neural crest cells

567
Q

what animals have neural crest cells

A

vertebrates only

568
Q

what do neural crest cells produce

A

melanocytes(/chromatophores), mesenchyme, ganglia

569
Q

what is a ganglia

A

a cluster of neurons

570
Q

what is a neuron

A

functional cells of nervous system that are excitabe and communicatable

571
Q

what are the three neuron types

A

motor (efferent), intermediate, sensory (afferent)

572
Q

what are the two types of cells in the nervous system

A

neurons and neuroglial cells

573
Q

what are some types of neuroglia cells

A

microglia, oligodendroglia, schwann cells, ependymal cells, astrocytes

574
Q

what is the main difference between neurons and neuroglia

A

neurons recieve signal, neuroglia do not

575
Q

what are the three types of neurons

A

unipolar, bipolar, multipolar

576
Q

what are the two kinds of nerves

A

myelinated and unmyelinated

577
Q

a neuroglial cells that produces myelination in pns is called what

A

schwann cell

578
Q

a neuroglial cell that produces myelination in cna is called what

A

oligodendrocyte

579
Q

what are nodes of ranvier

A

indentations between adjacent neurological cells in myelin sheath

580
Q

how does information travel in nervous system

A

electrical and chemical signals

581
Q

what are electrical signals in nervous system called

A

nerve impulses

582
Q

what are chemical signals in nervous system called

A

graded potentials and acction potentials

583
Q

what is a graded potential

A

declines in magnitude as it travels along a nerve

584
Q

what is an action potential along a nerve fiber

A

all or nothing, propegates without decrement along nerve fiber

585
Q

where are chemical signals generated

A

at synapses

586
Q

what is a synapse

A

meeting point between two neurons

587
Q

describe how signal tranvels from one neuron to the next

A

signal travels down axon of one neuron then hits a synapse to next neuron the burst of energy at the synapse triggers release of neurotransmitters in next neuron, once enough neurotransmitters accumulate, a signal is sent through the neuron and down axon to the next synapse

588
Q

what are the somatic sensory afferent pathways

A

meisners corpuscles bring infomation from outside world (exoceptions)

589
Q

what are visceral sensory afferent pathways

A

whats goin on inside the body-ph, bp, o2 (interoception)

590
Q

what are the somatic motor efferent pathways

A

stimulate voluntary muscles

591
Q

what are the visceral motor efferent pathways

A

stimulates internal involuntary-adjust bp, ph, o2

592
Q

what is another name for the visceral motor efferent pathways (PNS to CNS)

A

autonomic nervous system

593
Q

what are the two branches of the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic, parasympathetic

594
Q

what does the sympathetic division of the autonomic system do

A

fight or flee, targets adrenal gland, targets pupils

595
Q

what does the parasympathetic division of the autonomic system do

A

counteracts sympathetic division

596
Q

what is the function of sensory structures

A

signal transduction

597
Q

what is signal transduction

A

converting a stimulus into action potential by passing signal and changing its form

598
Q

what signals can we transduce

A

mechanical, chemical, electromagnetic

599
Q

what is action potential

A

change in electrical potential that occurs between the inside and the outside of a nerve or muscle fiber when stimulated serving the transmit signal

600
Q

what do peripheral nerves do

A

serve either visceral or somatic tissues and carry sensory motor information

601
Q

what are the two nerve types from PNS

A

spinal or cranial nerves

602
Q

what is the first cranial nerve

A

olfactory (smell)

603
Q

what is the second cranial nerve

A

optic nerve (vision)

604
Q

what is the third cranial nerve

A

oculomotor nerve (superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique muscles)

605
Q

what is the fourth cranial nerve

A

trochlear nerve (superior oblique eye muscles)

606
Q

what is the fifth cranial nerve

A

trigeminal (ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular branches)

607
Q

what is the sixth cranial nerve

A

abducens (control movement of eye (lateral rectus))

608
Q

what is the seventh cranial never

A

facial nerve (sensory fibers from taste buds, muscles to face too)

609
Q

what is the eighth cranial nerve

A

auditory (hearing)

610
Q

what is the ninth cranial nevere

A

glossopharyngeal (to third branchial arch)

611
Q

what is the tenth cranial nerve

A

vagus nerve (mouth, pharynx, and most viscera)

612
Q

what is the 11th cranial nerve

A

accessory nerve (gives to some spinal muscles)

613
Q

what is the 12th cranial nevere

A

hypoglossal (innervates hyoid and tongue)

614
Q

what are memories in brain

A

neurotransmitters

615
Q

where are action potentials generated

A

pacinian corpuscle

616
Q

what are the three basic principles of sensory systems

A

all or nothing, frequency modulation, sensory adaptation

617
Q

what is the all or nothing principle

A

action potential happens or it doesnt, not a small or large action potential

618
Q

where does frequency modulation occur

A

pacinian corpuscle

619
Q

what is frequency modulation

A

the amount of action potentials per minute codes for how much stimulation is occurring

620
Q

what is sensory adaptation

A

reaction to a stimulus depending on how much previously prsent (ex. lights brighter when youve been asleep, actual brightness of light doesnt change)

621
Q

what is a nociceptor

A

pain receptor

622
Q

what are chemoreceptors

A

tasting and smelling receptors (take in chemical signals)

623
Q

what is a baroreceptor

A

detects pressure changes

624
Q

what is a carotid body

A

a cluster of chemoreceptors

625
Q

what are simple mechanoreceptors

A

noceceptors, pacinian corposcles

626
Q

what are complex mechanoreceptors

A

lateral line organs, inner ear

627
Q

what animals have lateral line organ

A

fish, and larval amphibians

628
Q

what nerve goes to the fish lateral line organ

A

vagus nerve (10)

629
Q

what nerve goes to the inner ear in verts

A

8th cranial nerve (auditory)

630
Q

what are the sensory receptors of the lateral line organ

A

neuromasts

631
Q

what does the neuromast respond to

A

responds to water currents

632
Q

how are hair cells of the neuromast oriented

A

with most sensitive axis parallel to lateral line canal

633
Q

what is the primary role of the later line organ

A

navigation

634
Q

what arises from the lateral line organ

A

vestibular apparatus

635
Q

the vestibular apparatus is filled with ____ and surrounded by____

A

filled with endolymph and surrounded by perilymph

636
Q

what is a neuromast composed of

A

hair cells, supporting cells, sensory nerve fibers

637
Q

what is the long colium of a hair cell called

A

kinocilium

638
Q

what are the shorter cilia of a hair cell called

A

stereocilia

639
Q

what are masses of hair cells (neuromast) covered by

A

cupula (protective bubble)

640
Q

how many semicircular canals do gnathostomes have

A

3

641
Q

what are sensory receptors in semicircular canals called

A

cristae

642
Q

where specifically in the semicircular canals are cristae found

A

ampullae at the base of each semicircular canal

643
Q

what do semicircular canals respond to

A

rotation and acceleration

644
Q

how is a change in acceleration or rotation detected

A

endolymph movement lags behind movement of canal itself, fluid deflects cupula, stimulates hair cells, and alters rhythmic discharge of electrical impulses to nervous system

645
Q

what is the sensory receptor in the saculus of the semicircular canal

A

otolith receptor

646
Q

how do otolith receptors respond to orientation

A

the otolith moves and can detect which way is up

647
Q

what is the lagena

A

secondary appendage of saccule

648
Q

what is the inner ear encased by

A

temporal bone

649
Q

what is a macule

A

neuromast

650
Q

what is the pars inferior used for

A

sound detection (primarily the lagena)

651
Q

what is between the membranous labrynth of inner ear and the temporal bone

A

perilymph

652
Q

how many semicircular canals do hagfish, ostracoderm and lamprey have

A

hagfish have one, lamprey and ostracoderms have 2

653
Q

what is sound

A

pressure waves in the air

654
Q

what is sound measured in

A

hertz (ripples in air per second)

655
Q

how do you get action potential from sound waves

A

sound wave is transduced to action potential and sent rhough 8th cranial nerve to brain

656
Q

which verts have lagena

A

fish

657
Q

what is the terrestrial equivaent to lagena

A

columella

658
Q

what is the organ of corti

A

sensory receptor of sound found in the lagena or in the cochlea

659
Q

what animals have an external ear (pinna)

A

reptiles, birds, mammals

660
Q

what is the function of the pinna

A

differentiate sounds from different directions

661
Q

what are the parts of the middle ear

A

tympanum, meatus, ear ossicles (1-3)

662
Q

what is the tympanum

A

ear drum

663
Q

what are the three inner ear bones of mammals

A

stapes, incus, malleus

664
Q

what are the three fluid filled channels in the cochlea

A

scala vestibuli, scala tympani, scala media

665
Q

where is reissners membrane located

A

between scala vestibuli and scala media

666
Q

where do sounds enter the inner ear through

A

oval window

667
Q

what directs pressure waves to the ossicle of the ear

A

auricles

668
Q

what separates the external and internal ear

A

tympanic membrane (eardrum)

669
Q

what is the function of the stapes in the inner ear

A

vibrates with sound making waves of perilymph in the vestibule

670
Q

what is the function of the round window

A

disipates sound

671
Q

what does the organ of corti run the length of

A

the basilar membrane

672
Q

what is another name for pinna

A

auricle

673
Q

the malleus of human ears comes from what in reptiles

A

malleus comes from articular bone of reptilian jaws

674
Q

what is found at the end of the stapes

A

footplate

675
Q

what is the cochlear duct (scala media) filled with

A

endolymph

676
Q

what frequency of sound is interpeted first in the beginning of the cochlea

A

high pitch heard first, low pitch heard last

677
Q

hair cells in mammal ears are covered by what

A

gelatinous tectorial membrane

678
Q

what is tectorial membrane of hair cells synonemous with in other verts

A

columella

679
Q

how do we hear pitches

A

based on where the sound hits in the scala vestibuli. squeezes the cochlear duct where maximum deflection of those hair cells

680
Q

when losing hearing, what pitch do we lose first

A

high pitch lost first

681
Q

what do hearing aids do

A

amplify volume and keep the same pitch

682
Q

what do rods in eyes sense

A

low light sensors

683
Q

what do cones in eyes sense

A

colour sensors

684
Q

what is visual accomidation

A

capacity to focus on objects at different distances

685
Q

different wavelengths are interpreted as (by eye)

A

different wavelengths are interpreted as different colours

686
Q

what are the three layers to the mammal eye

A

sclera, choroid, retina

687
Q

what is sclera

A

the white of the eye

688
Q

the sclera clears at the front of the eye to become the ____

A

cornea

689
Q

what is the proper name for eye goo

A

vitreous humour

690
Q

what is the basic travel of light through the eye

A

light through lens, then vitreous humour, into white sensory retina, into pigmented black retina

691
Q

what if a difference between a light and a dark adapter eye

A

dark adapted eye has reflective pigmented retina

692
Q

what polarity are motor neurons

A

multipolar

693
Q

what polarity are sensory neurons

A

unipolar

694
Q

what kind of neurons are found in the retina

A

bipolar neurons

695
Q

what cells allow for sharpness in eyes

A

amocrine cells

696
Q

if an eye only has rods, what can it see

A

cant see colour

697
Q

where is light transduced

A

in the disks of the rods/cones

698
Q

what is the transduction path of light

A

hits the back of the eye at the disk of the rod/cone, travels along rod/cone then synapses with a bipolar neuron, then synapses with a ganglion cell, then travels to 2nd cranial nerve

699
Q

what makes the first synapse of seeing inactive in the dark

A

in dark glutamate is hitting the synapse making it inactive, light stops glutamate from hitting synapse

700
Q

what are the two photoreceptors in eyes

A

rods and cones

701
Q

what is the pigment in the pigmented retina

A

melanin

702
Q

what ion is vital in vision

A

sodium and potassium

703
Q

bipolar cells have spontaneous

A

depolarization

704
Q

why are rods and cones leaky

A

so glutamate can be released if in dark conditions

705
Q

what is glutamate

A

an inhibitory neurotransmitter

706
Q

why is glutamate inactive with light

A

because photoreceptors are hyperpolarized and glutamate cant be released

707
Q

the disks in photoreceptors have what pigment

A

rhodopsin

708
Q

what happens to retinal to stop sodium channels from being leaky

A

the 11-cis retinal is changed to A11 trans retinal (isomeric change)

709
Q

what kind of photoreceptors do not release glutamate

A

hyperpolarized

710
Q

what are the tastes we can taste

A

salty, sweet, sour, bitter, savoury

711
Q

what is olfaction

A

smelling

712
Q

what are the three anatomical components to smell

A

olfactory epithelium, olfactory bulb, olfactory tract

713
Q

what bone folds into the nasal cavity

A

turbinate bone (endothermy association)

714
Q

how many olfactry receptors are there, and how many smells can they detect

A

40 million receptors that can detect up to 10,000 smells

715
Q

why is smell biologically important to reproduction

A

women make mating choices based on smell

716
Q

the 1st cranial nerve that is involved in olfaction travels through where

A

cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone

717
Q

what exactly is a smell

A

particles dissolved in fluid in nasal epithelium that can be transduced to an action potential

718
Q

what is gustation

A

taste

719
Q

where are taste cells restricted to in mammals

A

tongue

720
Q

what are tongue bumps

A

papillae

721
Q

what is the difference between papillae and taste papillae

A

only taste papillae if they have receptors for taste

722
Q

what is the general shape of a taste cell

A

barrell shaped

723
Q

if a taste cell has microvilli then what happens to it

A

taste cells with microvilli are not chemoreceptors

724
Q

what nerves conduct taste to the brain

A

7, 9, 10

725
Q

where is the vomeronasal complex located

A

in the hard palate

726
Q

what does the vomeronasal complex look like

A

looks very similar to nasal epithelium

727
Q

what kind of neurons are used in the vomerine nasal organ

A

bipolar

728
Q

where does smell taken with the vomeronasal organ go

A

accessory olfactory bulb

729
Q

what is the main use of the vomeronasal organ

A

to sense pharamones

730
Q

what is a pharamone

A

chemical messenger carried in air from other animals (involved in mating)

731
Q

how do animals get particles into their vomeronasal organ

A

flehmen response (pushing particles into vomerine complex with tongue)

732
Q

what is the life span of a taste bud cell

A

1 week

733
Q

what is the actual chemoreceptor cell of taste in a taste bud

A

gustatory cells

734
Q

what verts have infared

A

viper snakes

735
Q

what organ does infared stuff

A

the pit organ

736
Q

what is ir sensitive to

A

heat, can see heat

737
Q

what cranial nerve is involved in ir

A

2nd

738
Q

what kinds of verts use electrical fields

A

fish living in zero visability, and birds

739
Q

how does an electrical field help to tell where a fish is

A

they generate a weak electrical field around theirself and can build an image of world around them based on signals they can generate

740
Q

how do birds use electrical fields

A

earth has its geomagnetic field, birds can tap into this visually and use it for navigation

741
Q

neurons are ____ pigs

A

glucose

742
Q

what does a PET scan do

A

links positrons to glucode and image to see where those are in the brain (done to see rapid growth)

743
Q

what is the cell body of a neuron called

A

soma

744
Q

what are the branches of a neuron called

A

dendrites

745
Q

what is the polarity of a neuron determined by

A

the position of the soma

746
Q

what is the function of glial cells

A

surround neurons and hold them in place, supply oxygen and nutrients, insulate neurons, destroy pathogens, remove dead neurons

747
Q

how can you tell a region has a lot of oligodendrocytes

A

its in the white matter of the brain

748
Q

what is the function of astrocytes

A

(glial cell) structurally hold up neurons

749
Q

how does long term memory work

A

dendrocytes make connections and astrocytes help to hold up the connection

750
Q

what is the function of microglial cells

A

(glial cell) phagocytic and cleans up rubbish

751
Q

what is the function of ependymal epitheliam cells

A

maintain cerebral spinal fluid

752
Q

what are the three vertebrate kidney types

A

pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros

753
Q

what animals have pronephros kidney

A

hagfish and some embryos

754
Q

what animals have mesonephros kidneys

A

all fish and amphibians

755
Q

what animals have metanephric kidney

A

reptiles, birds, mammals (anmiotes)

756
Q

what are the 7 names for the kidney duct thing

A

pronephric duct, mesonephric duct, archinephric duct, wolfian duct, vas deferens, ductus deferens, mullerian duct

757
Q

what does vestigial mean

A

non functional

758
Q

the gonad rudiment makes what in females

A

ovaries

759
Q

the gonad rudiment makes what in males

A

testis

760
Q

females make a new duct to move eggs, what do they make

A

mullerian duct (lose their mesonephric duct)

761
Q

why cant mammals use the mesonephric kidney

A

uses too much water for most terrestrial animals

762
Q

how do males avoid developing mullerian ducts

A

they secrete mullerian inhubiting substance hormone

Vertebrate Anatomy (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions