Exam 1 Flashcards
what does vertebrate translate to
animal with metameric skeletal elements supporting a dorsal hollow nerve cord
what does anatomy translate to
anatomia, structure, morphology
what is metamerism
repeating units
what is one flaw in the word vertebrate
hagfish dont have vertebrae
what does anatomia translate to
cutting up or dissection
what is interspecific
between species
what is intraspecific
within species
give an example of interspecific
locomotion and bipedalism of humans versus gorillas
give an example of intraspecific
the different kinds of vertebrae in a human
what is the inominate bone
ilium + ischium + pubis
what are the three subphyla of the chordates
cephalochordata, urochordata, vertebrata
what is found within the urochordata
tunicates (sea squirts)
what is found within the cephalochordata
amphioxious (lancelets)
a vertebrate is a deuterostome, what does this mean
it refers to the anus being formed first from the blastopore during development
what is an example of a hemichordate
acord worm
what is osteology
the study of bones
what is a craniate
an organism that possesses a cranium (bone or cartilage)
what are the three classes in subphylum urochordata
ascidiacea, larvaceae, thaliaceae
what subphylum has their notochord only in the tail
urochordates
what subphylum has notocord in head and tail
cephalochordates
what are the 5 chordate features
notochord, dorsal hollow nerve chord, pharyngeal openings, post anal tail, endostyle
what is a notochord
endoskeletal structure
what is the dorsal hollow nerve chord
main nerve chord of the body, anteriorily forms the brain
what is the function of the post anal tail
generally used for locomotion or balance
what is the function of the endostyle
it acts as a food trap in some organisms (thyroid in some)
what does deuterostome translate to
secondary mouth
what are the deuterostomes
chordates, echinoderms, hemichordates
how is short term ATP synthesis done in deuterostomes
phosphocreatine
how is short term ATP synthesis done in non-deuterostomes
phosphoargine
whats the difference between phosphocreatine and phosphoargine
same function, different molecule
why would an organism use phosphocreatine or phosphoargine
gives energy faster than anaerobic respiration
what was the first theory of chordate origins and who did it come from
annelid-arthropod
dorsal ventral inversion
1822 geoffroy st. hillaire
what was the second theory of chordate origins and did it come from
auricularian hypothesis
chordates arise from echinoderm larvae and tunicate larvae
1928 Garstang
what is the current theory of chordate origins
earliest chordates came from cephanochordates which probably came from hemichordates
give an example of species that would fit into the current theory of chordate origins
acorn worm –> lancelet –> cat
what is an auricularian in short
type of deuterostome larvae that is a dipleureae (comes from sea cucumbers)
why was st hillaire’s chordate origins theory proven wrong
convergent evolution
what is histology
the study of tissues
what is a tissue
a group of similar cells performing a common function
what are the ways cells can be performing a common function
appearance, morphology, embryonic
what is a cell in relation to histology
fundamental living elements
what is the matrix in relation to histology
acellular, non-living components surrounding the cells (goop between the cells)
what are the four primary tissue types
epithelia, connective tissue, muscle, nervous tissue
what is epithelial tissue
the tissue that lines organs (inner most and outermost tissue)
describe epithelial tissue
absorbent, secretory, or protective
how are epithelial cell tissues classified
cell shape, stratification
what is the difference between apical and basal epithelial tissues
apical is top or surface cells, basal is bottom cells or inner cells where other cells adhere to
what is the density of epithelial cells
high cell density, little matrix
what does it mean that a tissue is stratified
it has layers
what are the three types of epithelial cells
squamos, cuboidal, columnar
where can you find squamos cells (epithelial tissue)
kidney, lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels
what is the function of cuboidal epithelium
secretion and absorption
where can cuboidal epithelia cells be found
kidney tubules, ducts, secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface
what is a pseudocolumnar epithelium
varying lengths of epithelial cells make it look like theres layers
what are connective tissues
lots of matrix (bone and cartilage)
how do epithelial cells adhere to basal membrane
by proteins
what do echinoderm larvae look like
bilaterally symmetrical, 2 bands cilia, complete gut
give example of auricularian theory
echinoderm to hemichordate to chordate
what are the periods in the paleozoic era
cambrian, ordovician, silurian, devonian, carboniferous, permian (can older students develop crappy personalities)
what are the periods in the mesozoic era
triassic, jurassic, cretaceous
when was the age of fishes
silurian, devonian, carboniferous, permian
what MYA was paleozoic era
575-230
what MYA was mesozoic era
230-65
how many MYA was pikaia
530
when did the gnathosomes appear
ordovician
when did amphibians appear
devonian
when did reptiles appear
carboniferous
when did therapsids appear
permian
when did mammals and dinosaurs appear
triassic
what were the ostracoderms
early agnathan fishes with dermal bone
what are the oldest bones found in fossil records
dermal bone
what are examples of dermal bone in modern day
turtle shells, fish scales
what is paedomorphosis
retention of juvenile characteristics in adults
what was myllokunmingia
lower cambrian craniate
what was haikouichthys
lower cambrian vertebrate
what are the 10 characteristics of a vertebrate
5 of chordate, integument with dermis and epidermis, complete digestive system, advanced circulatory system, excretory system, endocrine system
where is the vertebrate digestive system in relation to the spinal column
digestive system is ventral in relation to spinal column
what is the endocrine system
series of ductless glands with secretory products (hormones) released directly into the blood
why is it difficult to identify notochord cells
they look like adipose cells
what is the notochord replaced by in most vertebrates
usually replaced by vertebrae
what does the dorsal hollow nerve chord usually contain
usually has an anterior cranial expansion
what kind of expansion is a traditional brain
tripartite meaning three bulbs of expansion on the anterior end of the dorsal hollow nerve chord
what is typical of most vertebrates to do with their “brain”
encase it with a cranium (bone or cartilage)
what on the blastopore forms the notochord
the blastoporal lip
who experimented with putting two blastoporal lips on the same blastopore
spemann
what classes comprise the agnathans
ostracoderms, pteraspidomorphi, conodonita, myxinoidea, pteromyzontida
what does agnathan mean
absence of jaw (jawless fishes)
what is found in class chondrictes
cartilagenous fishes (sharks skates rays)
what is found in acanthodii
spiny fishes
what is found in actinopterygii
ray finned fishes
what is found in sarcopterygii
fleshy finned fishes
which portion of the skeleton is oldest
axial
what portion of the skelton is newest
appendicular
how many planes of sectioning are there to bilaterally symmetrical organisms
3 planes of symmetry
what are the three distinct origins of the mammalian skull
splanchnocranium, chrondrocranium, dermatocranium
which region of the skull is oldest
splanchnocranium
what is the splanchnocranium associated with
the pharynx
what is the chrondrocranium associated with
surrounds the bottom and the sides of the brain
what is the dermatocranium associated with
the top of the brain box
what is a demifacet
dent in thoracic ribs where rib touches
what is the first vertebrae
C1 is the atlas (holds up cranium)
what is the second vertebrae
C2 is the axis
what classes are in the teleostomi
acanthodii, actinopterygii, sarcopterygii
what class of fishes did mammals evolve from
sarcopterygii
if you are not an amniote then what are you
if not amniote then anamniote
what are the anamniotes
fishes and amphibians
what are the amniotes
birds, mammals, reptiles
what does it mean that youre an amniote
you dont have to deposit your eggs in water (can create own water in an egg)
bone and cartilage are very similar but primarily differ in what
they differ in their matrix
what are the three types of cartilage
fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage, hyaline cartilage
what are the two kinds of bone
spongy bone, compact bone
what are the caudata
salamanders
adipose cells are filled with fat, notochord cells are filled with what
filled with water
what does it mean to be a vacuoled cell
most of the cell is occupied by something else (ex. adipose and notochord)
with vacuoled cells there is usually a sheath covering the mass of cells. what is this sheath made of
collagen
what are the disks between vertebrae
annulus of fibrocartilage with nucleus pulpous in between
where can notochord cells be found in adult mammals
in the nucleous pulpous of the vertebral disks
what can mesenchyme produce
fibroblast, chondroblast, osteoblast, hematopoetic stem cell
what do fibroblasts produce
connective tissues (fat, skin)
what do chondroblasts produce
cartilage
what do osteoblasts form
bone
what do hematopoetic stem cells produce
blood
what is mesenchyme
embryonic tissue made of migrating cells thats not found in sheets, but found in blobs (pleuripotent cells (stem))
what does blast mean
forming
what is matrix composed of
collagen, elastic fibres, proteoglycans
what are proteoglycans
core protein with link proteins with glycosaminoglycans (looks like test tube cleaning brush)
what are the 6 types of glycosaminoglycans (GAG’s)
hyaluronate, chondroitin sulfate, heparin sulfate, heparin, dermatan sulfate, keratin sulfate
are GAG’s hydrophilic or hydrophobic
hydrophilic
Where is hyaluronate found (GAG)
synovial fluid, vitreous humour, ECM of loose connective tissue, large polymers, shock absorbing
where is chondroitin sulfate found (GAG)
cartilage, bone, heart valves
what is the most abundant of the GAG’s
chondroitin sulfate
where is heparan sulfate found (GAG)
basement membranes, components of cell surfaces
where is heparin found (GAG)
intracellular granules of mast cells, line arteries of lungs liver and skin
where is dermatan sulfate found (GAG)
skin, blood vessels, heart valves
where is keratin sulfate found (GAG)
cornea, bone, cartilage (makes things waterproof)
in general how is cartilage formed
mesenchyme to chondroblast then GAGs surround chondroblast then GAGs surrounded by a lacuna shell. once surrounded by lacuna its cartilage
whats a place you could find elastic cartilage
ears
whats the function of elastic cartilage
maintains shape of structure while allowing great flexibility (more elastic fibres in matrix)
where can fibrocartilage be found
intervertebral joints, pubic symphyses, discs of knee joints
whats the function of fibrocartilage
tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock
what is the predominant fiber in fibrocartilage matrix
thick collagen fibers
where can hyaline cartilage be found
embryonic skeleton, covers ends of long bones, costal cartilage on ribs, cartilage of nose, trachea, larynx
whats the function of hyaline cartilage
supports and reinforces, resilient cushioning, resists comprehensive stress
what is osseous tissue
bone
what is compact bone
cortical bone thats outside bone (flat bone)
what is spongy bone
cancelous, inside spongy bone (network of osseous tissue)
