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Vertebrate Anatomy > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what does vertebrate translate to

A

animal with metameric skeletal elements supporting a dorsal hollow nerve cord

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2
Q

what does anatomy translate to

A

anatomia, structure, morphology

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3
Q

what is metamerism

A

repeating units

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4
Q

what is one flaw in the word vertebrate

A

hagfish dont have vertebrae

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5
Q

what does anatomia translate to

A

cutting up or dissection

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6
Q

what is interspecific

A

between species

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7
Q

what is intraspecific

A

within species

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8
Q

give an example of interspecific

A

locomotion and bipedalism of humans versus gorillas

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9
Q

give an example of intraspecific

A

the different kinds of vertebrae in a human

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10
Q

what is the inominate bone

A

ilium + ischium + pubis

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11
Q

what are the three subphyla of the chordates

A

cephalochordata, urochordata, vertebrata

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12
Q

what is found within the urochordata

A

tunicates (sea squirts)

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13
Q

what is found within the cephalochordata

A

amphioxious (lancelets)

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14
Q

a vertebrate is a deuterostome, what does this mean

A

it refers to the anus being formed first from the blastopore during development

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15
Q

what is an example of a hemichordate

A

acord worm

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16
Q

what is osteology

A

the study of bones

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17
Q

what is a craniate

A

an organism that possesses a cranium (bone or cartilage)

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18
Q

what are the three classes in subphylum urochordata

A

ascidiacea, larvaceae, thaliaceae

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19
Q

what subphylum has their notochord only in the tail

A

urochordates

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20
Q

what subphylum has notocord in head and tail

A

cephalochordates

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21
Q

what are the 5 chordate features

A

notochord, dorsal hollow nerve chord, pharyngeal openings, post anal tail, endostyle

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22
Q

what is a notochord

A

endoskeletal structure

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23
Q

what is the dorsal hollow nerve chord

A

main nerve chord of the body, anteriorily forms the brain

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24
Q

what is the function of the post anal tail

A

generally used for locomotion or balance

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25
Q

what is the function of the endostyle

A

it acts as a food trap in some organisms (thyroid in some)

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26
Q

what does deuterostome translate to

A

secondary mouth

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27
Q

what are the deuterostomes

A

chordates, echinoderms, hemichordates

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28
Q

how is short term ATP synthesis done in deuterostomes

A

phosphocreatine

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29
Q

how is short term ATP synthesis done in non-deuterostomes

A

phosphoargine

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30
Q

whats the difference between phosphocreatine and phosphoargine

A

same function, different molecule

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31
Q

why would an organism use phosphocreatine or phosphoargine

A

gives energy faster than anaerobic respiration

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32
Q

what was the first theory of chordate origins and who did it come from

A

annelid-arthropod
dorsal ventral inversion
1822 geoffroy st. hillaire

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33
Q

what was the second theory of chordate origins and did it come from

A

auricularian hypothesis
chordates arise from echinoderm larvae and tunicate larvae
1928 Garstang

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34
Q

what is the current theory of chordate origins

A

earliest chordates came from cephanochordates which probably came from hemichordates

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35
Q

give an example of species that would fit into the current theory of chordate origins

A

acorn worm –> lancelet –> cat

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36
Q

what is an auricularian in short

A

type of deuterostome larvae that is a dipleureae (comes from sea cucumbers)

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37
Q

why was st hillaire’s chordate origins theory proven wrong

A

convergent evolution

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38
Q

what is histology

A

the study of tissues

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39
Q

what is a tissue

A

a group of similar cells performing a common function

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40
Q

what are the ways cells can be performing a common function

A

appearance, morphology, embryonic

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41
Q

what is a cell in relation to histology

A

fundamental living elements

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42
Q

what is the matrix in relation to histology

A

acellular, non-living components surrounding the cells (goop between the cells)

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43
Q

what are the four primary tissue types

A

epithelia, connective tissue, muscle, nervous tissue

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44
Q

what is epithelial tissue

A

the tissue that lines organs (inner most and outermost tissue)

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45
Q

describe epithelial tissue

A

absorbent, secretory, or protective

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46
Q

how are epithelial cell tissues classified

A

cell shape, stratification

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47
Q

what is the difference between apical and basal epithelial tissues

A

apical is top or surface cells, basal is bottom cells or inner cells where other cells adhere to

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48
Q

what is the density of epithelial cells

A

high cell density, little matrix

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49
Q

what does it mean that a tissue is stratified

A

it has layers

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50
Q

what are the three types of epithelial cells

A

squamos, cuboidal, columnar

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51
Q

where can you find squamos cells (epithelial tissue)

A

kidney, lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels

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52
Q

what is the function of cuboidal epithelium

A

secretion and absorption

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53
Q

where can cuboidal epithelia cells be found

A

kidney tubules, ducts, secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface

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54
Q

what is a pseudocolumnar epithelium

A

varying lengths of epithelial cells make it look like theres layers

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55
Q

what are connective tissues

A

lots of matrix (bone and cartilage)

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56
Q

how do epithelial cells adhere to basal membrane

A

by proteins

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57
Q

what do echinoderm larvae look like

A

bilaterally symmetrical, 2 bands cilia, complete gut

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58
Q

give example of auricularian theory

A

echinoderm to hemichordate to chordate

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59
Q

what are the periods in the paleozoic era

A

cambrian, ordovician, silurian, devonian, carboniferous, permian (can older students develop crappy personalities)

60
Q

what are the periods in the mesozoic era

A

triassic, jurassic, cretaceous

61
Q

when was the age of fishes

A

silurian, devonian, carboniferous, permian

62
Q

what MYA was paleozoic era

A

575-230

63
Q

what MYA was mesozoic era

A

230-65

64
Q

how many MYA was pikaia

A

530

65
Q

when did the gnathosomes appear

A

ordovician

66
Q

when did amphibians appear

A

devonian

67
Q

when did reptiles appear

A

carboniferous

68
Q

when did therapsids appear

A

permian

69
Q

when did mammals and dinosaurs appear

A

triassic

70
Q

what were the ostracoderms

A

early agnathan fishes with dermal bone

71
Q

what are the oldest bones found in fossil records

A

dermal bone

72
Q

what are examples of dermal bone in modern day

A

turtle shells, fish scales

73
Q

what is paedomorphosis

A

retention of juvenile characteristics in adults

74
Q

what was myllokunmingia

A

lower cambrian craniate

75
Q

what was haikouichthys

A

lower cambrian vertebrate

76
Q

what are the 10 characteristics of a vertebrate

A

5 of chordate, integument with dermis and epidermis, complete digestive system, advanced circulatory system, excretory system, endocrine system

77
Q

where is the vertebrate digestive system in relation to the spinal column

A

digestive system is ventral in relation to spinal column

78
Q

what is the endocrine system

A

series of ductless glands with secretory products (hormones) released directly into the blood

79
Q

why is it difficult to identify notochord cells

A

they look like adipose cells

80
Q

what is the notochord replaced by in most vertebrates

A

usually replaced by vertebrae

81
Q

what does the dorsal hollow nerve chord usually contain

A

usually has an anterior cranial expansion

82
Q

what kind of expansion is a traditional brain

A

tripartite meaning three bulbs of expansion on the anterior end of the dorsal hollow nerve chord

83
Q

what is typical of most vertebrates to do with their “brain”

A

encase it with a cranium (bone or cartilage)

84
Q

what on the blastopore forms the notochord

A

the blastoporal lip

85
Q

who experimented with putting two blastoporal lips on the same blastopore

A

spemann

86
Q

what classes comprise the agnathans

A

ostracoderms, pteraspidomorphi, conodonita, myxinoidea, pteromyzontida

87
Q

what does agnathan mean

A

absence of jaw (jawless fishes)

88
Q

what is found in class chondrictes

A

cartilagenous fishes (sharks skates rays)

89
Q

what is found in acanthodii

A

spiny fishes

90
Q

what is found in actinopterygii

A

ray finned fishes

91
Q

what is found in sarcopterygii

A

fleshy finned fishes

92
Q

which portion of the skeleton is oldest

A

axial

93
Q

what portion of the skelton is newest

A

appendicular

94
Q

how many planes of sectioning are there to bilaterally symmetrical organisms

A

3 planes of symmetry

95
Q

what are the three distinct origins of the mammalian skull

A

splanchnocranium, chrondrocranium, dermatocranium

96
Q

which region of the skull is oldest

A

splanchnocranium

97
Q

what is the splanchnocranium associated with

A

the pharynx

98
Q

what is the chrondrocranium associated with

A

surrounds the bottom and the sides of the brain

99
Q

what is the dermatocranium associated with

A

the top of the brain box

100
Q

what is a demifacet

A

dent in thoracic ribs where rib touches

101
Q

what is the first vertebrae

A

C1 is the atlas (holds up cranium)

102
Q

what is the second vertebrae

A

C2 is the axis

103
Q

what classes are in the teleostomi

A

acanthodii, actinopterygii, sarcopterygii

104
Q

what class of fishes did mammals evolve from

A

sarcopterygii

105
Q

if you are not an amniote then what are you

A

if not amniote then anamniote

106
Q

what are the anamniotes

A

fishes and amphibians

107
Q

what are the amniotes

A

birds, mammals, reptiles

108
Q

what does it mean that youre an amniote

A

you dont have to deposit your eggs in water (can create own water in an egg)

109
Q

bone and cartilage are very similar but primarily differ in what

A

they differ in their matrix

110
Q

what are the three types of cartilage

A

fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage, hyaline cartilage

111
Q

what are the two kinds of bone

A

spongy bone, compact bone

112
Q

what are the caudata

A

salamanders

113
Q

adipose cells are filled with fat, notochord cells are filled with what

A

filled with water

114
Q

what does it mean to be a vacuoled cell

A

most of the cell is occupied by something else (ex. adipose and notochord)

115
Q

with vacuoled cells there is usually a sheath covering the mass of cells. what is this sheath made of

A

collagen

116
Q

what are the disks between vertebrae

A

annulus of fibrocartilage with nucleus pulpous in between

117
Q

where can notochord cells be found in adult mammals

A

in the nucleous pulpous of the vertebral disks

118
Q

what can mesenchyme produce

A

fibroblast, chondroblast, osteoblast, hematopoetic stem cell

119
Q

what do fibroblasts produce

A

connective tissues (fat, skin)

120
Q

what do chondroblasts produce

A

cartilage

121
Q

what do osteoblasts form

A

bone

122
Q

what do hematopoetic stem cells produce

A

blood

123
Q

what is mesenchyme

A

embryonic tissue made of migrating cells thats not found in sheets, but found in blobs (pleuripotent cells (stem))

124
Q

what does blast mean

A

forming

125
Q

what is matrix composed of

A

collagen, elastic fibres, proteoglycans

126
Q

what are proteoglycans

A

core protein with link proteins with glycosaminoglycans (looks like test tube cleaning brush)

127
Q

what are the 6 types of glycosaminoglycans (GAG’s)

A

hyaluronate, chondroitin sulfate, heparin sulfate, heparin, dermatan sulfate, keratin sulfate

128
Q

are GAG’s hydrophilic or hydrophobic

A

hydrophilic

129
Q

Where is hyaluronate found (GAG)

A

synovial fluid, vitreous humour, ECM of loose connective tissue, large polymers, shock absorbing

130
Q

where is chondroitin sulfate found (GAG)

A

cartilage, bone, heart valves

131
Q

what is the most abundant of the GAG’s

A

chondroitin sulfate

132
Q

where is heparan sulfate found (GAG)

A

basement membranes, components of cell surfaces

133
Q

where is heparin found (GAG)

A

intracellular granules of mast cells, line arteries of lungs liver and skin

134
Q

where is dermatan sulfate found (GAG)

A

skin, blood vessels, heart valves

135
Q

where is keratin sulfate found (GAG)

A

cornea, bone, cartilage (makes things waterproof)

136
Q

in general how is cartilage formed

A

mesenchyme to chondroblast then GAGs surround chondroblast then GAGs surrounded by a lacuna shell. once surrounded by lacuna its cartilage

137
Q

whats a place you could find elastic cartilage

A

ears

138
Q

whats the function of elastic cartilage

A

maintains shape of structure while allowing great flexibility (more elastic fibres in matrix)

139
Q

where can fibrocartilage be found

A

intervertebral joints, pubic symphyses, discs of knee joints

140
Q

whats the function of fibrocartilage

A

tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock

141
Q

what is the predominant fiber in fibrocartilage matrix

A

thick collagen fibers

142
Q

where can hyaline cartilage be found

A

embryonic skeleton, covers ends of long bones, costal cartilage on ribs, cartilage of nose, trachea, larynx

143
Q

whats the function of hyaline cartilage

A

supports and reinforces, resilient cushioning, resists comprehensive stress

144
Q

what is osseous tissue

A

bone

145
Q

what is compact bone

A

cortical bone thats outside bone (flat bone)

146
Q

what is spongy bone

A

cancelous, inside spongy bone (network of osseous tissue)

Vertebrate Anatomy (10 decks)

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