Final Flashcards
1
Q
The process of generating and choosing from a set of alternatives to solve a problm?
A
Decision Making
2
Q
What is knowledge that is easy to communicate, and can be taught
A
explicit knowledge
3
Q
What is knowledge that is only learned from experience?
A
Tacit Knowledge
4
Q
Relatively permanent changes in employee’s knowledge or skills
A
learning
5
Q
What is the basic theory behind reinforcement theory?
A
Operant Conditioning (Antecedent, behavior, consequence)
6
Q
What are the four types of reinforcers?
A
Positive Reinforcement, Extinction, Punishment, Negative Reinforcement
7
Q
A positive ourcome following a desired behavior
A
Positive Reinforcement
8
Q
Occurs when an unwanted outcome is removed from following a specific behavior?
A
Negative Reinforcement
9
Q
Occurs when an unwanted outcome follows an unwanted behavior
A
punishment
10
Q
Occurs when there is a removal of a consequence following an unwanted behavior
A
Extinction
11
Q
What are the five types of reinforcement schedules?
A
Continuous, Fixed Interval, Variable Interval, Fixed Ratio, Variable Ratio
12
Q
What is the simplest reinforcement schedule and happens when a specific consequence follows each and every time a desired behavior is performed.
A
Continuous
13
Q
What is the simplest reinforcement schedule and happens when a specific consequence follows each and every time a desired behavior is performed.
A
Continuous (Rapid learning, impractical)
14
Q
Most common reinforcement schedule; outcome follows after a certain amount of time; paycheck
A
Fixed Interval
15
Q
Reinforcement schedule in which consequence occurs after a random period of time
A
Variable Interval
16
Q
Reinforcement schedule in which behaviors are reinforced after a certain number of them have been exhibited
A
Fixed Interval
17
Q
What is the idea that people have the ability to learn from others in the organization
A
social learning theory
18
Q
What are the four steps to behavioral modeling?
A
Observing the actions of others
Remembering what you learn
Doing the Behavior
Reinforcement
19
Q
What are the three types of goal learing?
A
Learning orientation
Performance-prove orientation
Performance-avoid orientation
20
Q
building competence deemed more important than demonstrating it
A
Learning-orientation
21
Q
focusig on demonstrating competence
A
performance prove
22
Q
focusing on demonstrating ability to improve self image
A
performance avoid
23
Q
focusing on demonstrating ability to improve self image
A
performance avoid
24
Q
What is the differences between programmed and non-programmed decisions?
A
Decisions regarding situations that have been dealt with before are programmed, while unknown situations are dealt with with non-programmed decisions. Programmed decisions rely on intuition while non-programmed are rational
25
What is the model that offers a step-by-sterp approach to making decisions that maximize outcomes by examining all the alternatives?
rational decision-making model
26
What are some assumptions of the rational decision-making model?
Rational People
perfect information
can weigh all alternatives at once
Decision makers seek the best outcome for their organizations
27
Steps of the decision making process
1. Determine decision criteria
2. List of alternatives
3. Evaluate the alternives against criteria
4. Choose the solution that maximizes value
5. Implement solution
6. Evaluate decision against original criteria
28
What is the notion that decisions do not have the ability or resources to process all available infomrations and alternatives to make a good decision
bounded rationality
29
What is accepting the first acceptable alternative?
satisficing
30
What is tendency to see environment only as it affects them aand as it is consistent with their expectations
selective perception
31
What is projecting one's owns thoughts, feelings, and attitudes onto other people?
projection bias
32
What is the idea that people indentify themsleves by the groups to which they bolong and perceive and judhge others by their group membership
social identify theory
33
What is the idea that people indentify themsleves by the groups to which they bolong and perceive and judhge others by their group membership
social identify theory
34
Assumptions made about others due to their membership in a social group
stereotyping
35
Assumptions made about others due to their membership in a social group
stereotyping
36
availability bias hueristic
relying too heavily on easily available information
37
What is relying too heavily on one trait or piece of info
anchoring
38
What is the tendency to make different decisions based on how a question is phrased?
Framing
39
Judging incorrectly because of recent refernces
contrast
40
What are attributions?
making a judgment about where a decision comes from
41
What are the two errors related to attribution
Fundamental Attribution error (judging others behaviors as internal actions)
Self-serving Bias (Judging ourselves more leniently)
42
What are the two errors related to attribution
Fundamental Attribution error (judging others behaviors as internal actions)
Self-serving Bias (Judging ourselves more leniently)
43
What are three keys to determining attribution?
Consensus, Distinctiveness, Consistency
44
What is the decision to continue with a failing decision>
Escalation of Commitment
45
What is the decision to continue with a failing decision>
Escalation of Commitment
46
What effect does learning have on job performance?
Moderately Positive
47
What effect does learning have on Org. Com.
weak positive
48
observing and learning from older employees
behavior modelin g training
49
Occurs when the knowledge, skills, and bnehaviors used on job are maintained ny the learning once training ends
transfer of training
50
What is an organizational climate that allows for the use of new skills learned through training
climate of training
51
Refers to the structures and ropensities inside people that explain their characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior
personality
52
Recurring regularities of trends in peple's responses to their environment, such as politeness
traits
53
Shared beliefs about desirable end states or modes of conduct in a given culture
cultural values
54
What are the big five personality characteristics?
```
Conscientiousness
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
Openness
Extraversion
```
55
What are the big five personality characteristics?
```
Conscientiousness
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
Openness
Extraversion
```
56
What terms define conscientiousness?
```
Dependable
Organized
Reliable
Ambitious
Hardworking
Perserving
```
57
What terms define Agreeableness
```
Kind
Cooperative
Sympathetic
Helpful
Courteous
Warm
```
58
What terms define Neuroticism
```
Nervous
Moody
Emotional
Insecure
Jealous
Unstable
```
59
What terms define openness
```
Curious
Imaginative
Creative
Complex
Refined
Sophisticated
```
60
Extraversion
```
Talkative
Socialable
Passionate
Assertive
Bolt
Dominant
```
61
A strong desire to accomplish task-related goals as a means of expressing personality
Accomplishment Striving (Conscientiousness)
62
A strong desire to obtain acceptanec in personal relationships as a means of expressing personality
Communion Striving (Agreeableness)
63
A strong desire to obtain acceptanec in personal relationships as a means of expressing personality
Communion Striving (Agreeableness)
64
What is positive affectivity and what personality type experiences it?
A dispositional tendency to experience pleasnt, engaging moods such as enthusiasm, excitement, and elation. Extraversion
65
What is negative affectivity and what personality type experiences it?
a dispositional tendency to experience unpleasant moods such as hostility, nervousness, and annoyance
66
What three terms describe why neurotic people are more stressed?
differential exposure
differential reactivity
External Locus of Control
67
being more likely to appriase day-to-day situations as stressfull
differential exposure
68
being less likely to believe one can cope with the stressors they experience
differential reactivity
69
what reflects whether people attribute the causes of events to themselves or to the external environment
locus of control
70
What are the four dimensions of Myer-Briggs Type Indicator
Extraversion vs Introversion
Sensing versus Intuition
Thinking vs Feeling
Judging versus Perceiving
71
What are the four dimensions of Myer-Briggs Type Indicator
Extraversion vs Introversion
Sensing versus Intuition
Thinking vs Feeling
Judging versus Perceiving
72
What are Hoftede's dimensions of culture?
```
Individualistic vs collectivism
Power Distance
Uncertainty Avoidance
Masculinity vs Femininity
Short-Term vs Long-Term Orientation
```
73
What are the dimensions of project GLOBE?
```
Gender Egalitarianism
Assertiveness
Future Orientation
Performance Orientation
Humane Orientation
```
74
wHAT IS A GROUP OF TWO OR MORE PEOPLE WHO WORK INTERDEPENDENTLY over some time period to accomplish common goals related to some task-oriented purpose
team
75
What is special about teams vs groups
Interdependence
| Common goals
76
What are the five types of teams?
```
Work Team
Management Team
Parallel Team
Project Team
Action Team
```
77
Produce goods or provide services; long life span and high member involvement
Work Team (Maintaintence/Sales Team)
78
Long life span with moderate involvement; integrates activities of subunits across business functions
Management Team (top management team)
79
Provide recommendations and resolve issues; variable life span with low involvement
Parallel team (Advisory council, committee)
80
Produce a one-time output; variable life span and involvement
Project Team
81
Performs complex tasks thjat vary in duration and take place in highly visible or challenging circumstances
Action Team (Surgical Team, Band)
82
Teams in which the members are geographically dispersed, and interdepdent activity occurs through electronic communications.
virtual team
83
What are the five steps of team progression
forming, storming, norming, performing, adjourning
84
What is the phenomena that teams create patterns of behavior that last for the first half of the project, and at the midway point, members begin to change their task paradigm in order to complete the task
Punctuated Equilibrium
85
What are the four types of task interdependence?
Comprehensive Interdependence
Reciprocal Interdependence
Sequential Interdependence
Pooled Interdependence
86
Refers to the degree to which team members interact with and rely on other team members for info. materials. and resources
Task Interdependence
87
The lowest deree of coordination; group members complete their work assignments independently and the en worked is collected (Fishing Boat)
pooled interdependence
88
Different tasks are done in a prescribed order, and the group is structered such that the members specialize in these tasks
Sequetial interdependence
89
Strict sequence of activities, members interact with subset of other members to complete the team's work (Building houses)
reciprocal Interdependence
90
Highest level of interaction; each member has a great deal discretion in terms of what they do and with whom they interact
comprehensive interdependence
91
Exists when team members have a shared vision of the team's goal and align their individual goals with that vision as a result
goal interdependence
92
Exists when team members share in the rewards that the team earns
outcome interdependence
93
refer to behaviors that directly faciliatate the accomplishment of team tasks
team task roles
94
refers to behaviors that influence the quality of a team's social climate
team-building roles
95
Behaviors that benefit the individual at the expense of the team
individualistic roles
96
What are three personality characteristics that benefit teams?
Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, and Extraversion
97
What are tasks in which a person with the highest skills has the most influence
disjunctive task
98
What is a task in which a team's performance is determined by the "weakest link"
conjunctive tasks
99
What are tasks in which the team's performance is a sum of each individual member's accomplishment
additive
100
What are the two theories regarding diversity in team building
Value in Diversity problem-solving approach
Similarity-attraction approach
101
How does surface level diversity affect teams?
Easy to overcom e at the beginning, subgroups might form.
102
How does deep-level diversity affect teams?
Can create long term problems in teams
103
A term that reflects the different types of communication activities and interactions that occur within teams that contribute to their ultimate end goals
Team process
104
What happens when teams work together and the whole is greater than to sum of its parts
process gain/synergy
105
What is getting less from the team than one would expect?
Process loss
106
What is the activity of getting the team to work together?
cordination loss
107
What occurs when members have to wait on one another before they can do their part on the team task
production blocking
108
The loss in team productivity that occurs when team members don't work as hard as they could
motivational loss
109
Feelings of reduced responsibility that leads team members to work less than they would if they were working alone
social loafing
110
What are the activities of team members that relate direcly to the accomplishment of tasks
taskwork processes
111
What refers to the interpersonal activities that faciliatate the accomplishment of the team's work but do not directly involve task accomplishment itself
teamwork processes
112
How does brainstorming differ from Nominal Group technique?
NGT is more structured, with idea generation occuring before a meeting, then ideas are modified and ranked by those present.
113
What three factors contribute to effective decision making?
decision informity
staff validity
hierarchial sensitivity
114
What are the three boundary spanning activities?
Ambassador activities--protet the team
Task coordinator activites--coordinate team
Scout activities--gather information for team
115
teamwork activities that focus on prepartion for future work
transition processes
116
an analysis of the team's task, the challenges the team faces, and the resources available for completeing the work
mission analysis
117
refers to the development of courses of action and contingency plans, and then adapting those plans in light of changes that occur in the team's environment
strategy formulation
118
involves the development and prioritization of goals related to the team's mission and strategy
goal specification
119
are important as the taskwork in being accomplished
action processes
120
keeping of track of things the team needs to accomplish its work
systems monitoring
121
members going out of their way to help or back up other team members
helping behavior
122
synchronizing team members' activities in a way that makes them mesh effectiely and seamlessly
coordination
123
processes that are important before, during, or between periods of taskwork, and are related to team member relationships
interpersonal processes
124
refers to things team memers d or say that affects the degree to which members are motivated to work hard on the team's task
motivating and confidence beuilding
125
activities that foster a sense of emotional balance and unity
affect manageent
126
activies that the team uses to manage conflict
conflict management
127
refers to disagreements among team members in terms of interpersonal relationships or incompatiblities with respect to personal values or preferences
relationship conflict
128
The amount and depth of information that gets transmitted in a message
Information richness
129
When is a centralized communication network structure good?
when simple tasks, and when member satisfaction is not too important
130
what is emotiopnal attachment to other team members and the team itself
cohesion
131
How can cohesiveness benefit team?
higher level of motivation and commitment, higher task performance
132
How can cohesiveness hurt a team?
groupthink
133
the degree to which members believe that the team can be effective accross a variety of situation and tasks (like self effacacy)
potentcy
134
refer to the level of common understanding among team members with rgard to important aspects of the team and its task
mental models
135
refers to how specialized knowledge is distributed among members in a manner that results in an effective system of memory for the team
transactive memory
136
Team processes have what correlation with team performance and team commitment?
Mod pos w/ TP
| Strong pos w/TC
137
The use of power and influence to direct the activities of followers towarrd goal achievement
leadership
138
What are the four types of interpersonal power?
Legitimate, reward, coercive, expert, and reference
139
What are the four contingency affects the amount of power someone has?
Low substitutability
High centrality
High Discretion
High Visibility
140
What are the most effective influence tactics?
Rational Persuasion
Consultation
Inspirational Appeals
Collaboration
141
What are moderately effectivve influence tactics?
Ingration
Personal Appeals
Exchange
Apprising
142
What are the least effective influence tactics?
Pressure and coalitions
143
What are the three results of influence attemps?
Compliance (change actions)
Internalization (Change actions and attitudes)
Resistance (No change)
144
Actions by individuals that are directed toward the goal of further their own self-interests
organizational politics
145
What are four political skills one might develop?
networking ability
social astuteness
interpersonal influence
apparent sincerity
146
What personal characteristics lead to politicing?
need for power
| Machiavellianism
147
What are organization characteristics that lead to politics?
```
Lack of particpation in decision making
Limited or changing resources
Ambiguity in roles
High performance pressure
Unclear Evaluations
```
148
High assertiveness, low cooperation; occurs when one part attempts to get his or her way without concern for the other party's results (win-lose)
competing
149
Low assertiveness, low cooperation; occurs when one party wants to remain nuetral, stay away form conflict, or postpost conflict, allow cooldown
avoidance
150
Low assertivesness, high cooperation; occurs when one party gives in to the other and acts completely unselfish, not an important issue, lose-win
accomodating
151
High assertiveness, high cooperation; occurs when both parties work together to maximize outcomes, win win
collaboration
152
moderate assertiveness, moderate cooperation; occurs when the conflict is resolved through give-and-take concession, most common
compromise
153
Study table 13-4 page 443
Yes
154
Win-lose negotation over a "fixed pie"
distributive bargaining
155
bargaining aimed at accomplishing a win-win scenario
integrative bargaining
156
What are the four steps of the neogation process?
1. Preparation
Exchanging Information
Bargaining
Closing and Commitment
157
What are some neotiator baises?
Power bias (thinking you have more) and emotional bias (positive emotions get better deals)
158
what are the two alternative dispute resolution?
Mediation and Arbitration
159
What is the difference between mediation and arbitration
Mediation is none-bind while abitration is
