Final Flashcards
2x2 Design
• 2 Independent Variable w/ 2 Levels each
Conformity
Someone changes their perception, opinion & behaviors in ways that are consistent with group norms
- Compliance
- Acceptance
Compliance
- Conformity that involves publicly acting or going along with others, while privately disagreeing
- ex: you are new at work & everybody is going to applebees & you hate applebees, but go anyway to conform with the group norm
Acceptance
• Conformity that involves both going along AND privately agreeing
Automatic/Implicit/Unconscious
- automatic & doesn’t want to work
- quick
- effortless
- governed by habit
- difficult to control or change
- involuntary
- ppl. rely on automatic cognition
- ex: reading a sign on the street
Controlled/conscious/explicit
- controlled
- slow
- effortful
- voluntary
- flexible
- ex: studying
Hypotheses
- Prediction
* Must mention BOTH conditions
Experimental Research
• Studies that seek cause & effect relationships by manipulating one or the other
Correlation Research
- Naturally occurring relationships among variables
* Cannot make casual statements bc they are related
Positive correlation
• As 1 variable increases so does the other
Negative correlation
•As 1 variable increases the other tends to go down
Operational
• How a researchers chooses to define the variable under an investigation
Internal validity
• The extent to which conclusions can be drawn about casual effects of the IV to the DV
General factors to improve relationship (gottman,2000)
- Try to accentuate the positive, rather than eliminate the negative
- Create mutually meaningful goals (similarity is a stronger predictor of relationship success than dissimilarity)
- Improve communication during fights
Aerobic exercise & subjective well-being (Babyak, 2000)
- Overcoming depression
- Results: people who just exercised (no medicine, or combo of both) were less likely to be depressed
Diffusion of responsibility
- Failure of help occurs b/c responsibility spreads across bystanders.
- More likely to help if person is alone
- Large group less likely to help b/c of the thought that somebody else will take responsibility
Gendered nature of help (Cherry, 1995)
- Theory: attack was violence of a man against a woman, which is sometimes seen as typical.
- Results: Male on female received least amount of help.
Five steps to inhumanity via Identity (Reicher et al., 2008)
- Create an in-group
- Exclusion, exclude out group
- Threat, place out group as threat
- Virtue, represent the ingroup as GOOD
- Celebration, celebrate inhumanity as defense of heroism
Hostile Sexism
• Explicit antagonistic attitude towards women
Benevolent Sexism
• more “positive”, but often portrays women as incompetent, weak & on a pedestal for men.
The “backlash” effect
When a women uses a technique a typical male technique to advance & are judged even more negatively than women who did not use the technique
Aversive Racism
- Clear norms= non prejudice behavior
* Unclear norms= anxiety, prejudice behavior
Cialdini: 6 factors that influence persuassion
- Reciprocity
- Consistency
- Social Validity
- Liking
- Authority
- Scarcity
Reciprocity
- when you get something you feel obligated to give back
* ex: nice to me, nice to you.
Consistency
• Once we make a stand/make a choice we feel pressure to behave consistently with the commitment
Liking
Prefer to say yes to those we know & like & those who like us
Authority
Ppl rely on those w/ superior knowledge or perspective for guidance on how to respond
ex: seeking medical advice
Scaricty
Items & opportunities become more desirable as they become less available
ex: tory burch seller saying that deal was never going to be seen again
Evaluation apprehension
Worried about being judged on HOW they helped
Interpretive Ambiguity
Bystanders sometimes fail to help b/c they do not define the situation as an emergency (interpretation of situation)
Psychology of false confessions
- Voluntary
- Coerced-complaint
- Coerced-internalized
Voluntary
involving no external pressure
Coerced-complaint
person knows they are not guilty, but confess to receive a promised reward (or avoid penalty)
Coerced-internalized
Innocent suspect induced to believe (sometimes temporarily) that he/she is guilty.
Four “horsemen of the apocalypse”
- Criticism
- Contempt
- Defensiveness
- Stonewalling
Four “horsemen of the apocalypse” – Critisism
Attacking partners personality/character (e.g: you always.. you never)