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Anatomy > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

What three elements make up most of the human body?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

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2
Q

What is an ion?

A

charged particles with unequal numbers of protons and electrons

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3
Q

What is a cation?

A

positive charge

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4
Q

What is an anion?

A

negative charge

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5
Q

What is an isotope?

A

Varieties in elements due to different numbers of neurons

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6
Q

What is a free radical?

A

Chemical particles with an odd number of electrons

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7
Q

What is an electrolyte?

A

Salts that ionize water

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8
Q

What are the three types of atomic bonds?

A

Covalent, ionic, hydrogen

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9
Q

How are covalent bonds formed?

A

sharing electrons

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10
Q

How are Ionic bonds formed?

A

Attraction of a cation and an anion

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11
Q

How are hydrogen bonds formed?

A

Attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen and a slightly negative oxygen

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12
Q

What are the seven properties of water?

A

Polarity, solvency, adhesion, cohesion, surface tension, thermal stability, chemical reactivity

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13
Q

What is polarity?

A

gives water properties to support its life

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14
Q

What is solvency?

A

the ability to dissolve other chemical

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15
Q

What is adhesion?

A

The tendency of a substance to cling to another

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16
Q

What is cohesion?

A

The tendency of a substance to cling to itself

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17
Q

What is surface tension?

A

Forms a surface film on water

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18
Q

What is thermal stability?

A

stabilizes internal temperature

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19
Q

What is chemical reactivity?

A

ionizes other chemicals

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20
Q

What is hydrophobic?

A

substances that do not like water

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21
Q

What is hydrophilic?

A

substances that do like water

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22
Q

What is amphiphilic?

A

has parts that are hydrophobic and hydrophilic

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23
Q

What are the three types of chemical reactions?

A

Decomposition, synthesis, and exchange reactions

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24
Q

Whats an organic compound?

A

compounds containing carbon

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25
Q

What are the four compounds in living systems?

A

carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

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26
Q

What are the four protein structures?

A

primary, secondary, tertiary, and quarternary

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27
Q

What is primary structure?

A

proteins amino acid sequence

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28
Q

What is secondary structure?

A

alpha helix or beta pleated sheets

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29
Q

What is tertiary structure?

A

further bending and folding

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30
Q

What is quaternary structure?

A

two or more polypeptide chains

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31
Q

What is conformation?

A

a unique 3d shape crucial to function

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32
Q

What is denaturation?

A

Detaching and destroys function

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33
Q

What is a conjugated protein?

A

contains a non-amino acid moiety

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34
Q

What are the 7 functions of protein in the body?

A

structure, communication, membrane transport, catalysis, recognition and protection, movement and cell adhesion

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35
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

makes biochemical reactions occur rapidly

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36
Q

What is a substrate?

A

binds to enzyme

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37
Q

How do enzymes speed up chemical reactions?

A

they lower activation energy

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38
Q

What are cofactors?

A

non-protein partners

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39
Q

What are coenzymes?

A

organic cofactors

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40
Q

What is a metabolic pathway?

A

a chain of reactions

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41
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

system of connected cristernae closed by a single membrane

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42
Q

What does the rough ER do?

A

synthesizes packaged proteins

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43
Q

What does the smooth ER do?

A

synthesis of membranes, steroids, and detoxifies lipids

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44
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

protein and RNA that translate mRNA to protein

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45
Q

What is the function of the golgi apparatus?

A

synthesizes carbs and packages and ships

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46
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

packages of enzymes surrounded by a unit membrane

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47
Q

What is auto digestion?

A

Phagocytosis– digesting worn out organelles

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48
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

synthesize ATP

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49
Q

What is the cristae of mitochondria?

A

inner membrane that folds to increase surface area

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50
Q

What is the matrix of the mitochondria?

A

space between cirstae

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51
Q

What do centrioles do?

A

creates cilia

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52
Q

What does the cytoskeleton do?

A

shapes the cell, supports, organizes, and moves things

53
Q

What are the 3 components of the cytoskeleton?

A

microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

54
Q

What is diffusion?

A

movement from a high concentration to a low concentration

55
Q

What is osmosis?

A

movement of water down a concentration gradient

56
Q

What is hypotonic?

A

water flows into the cell

57
Q

What is hypertonic?

A

water flows out of the cell

58
Q

What does isotonic mean?

A

water flows in and out of the cell

59
Q

What is carrier-mediated transport?

A

proteins carry things across membrane

60
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

carrier-mediated transport down a concentration gradient

61
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

tissue growth through cell enlargement

62
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

tissue growth through cell multiplication

63
Q

What is atrophy?

A

shrinkage of tissue

64
Q

What is necrosis?

A

premature death of a cell

65
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

programmed cell death

66
Q

What is regeneration?

A

replacement of dead cells

67
Q

What is fibrosis?

A

replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue

68
Q

What are the 5 strata of the epidermis?

A

basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, and corneum

69
Q

What are the 7 functions of the skeletal system?

A

support, protection, movement, blood formation, electrolyte balance, acid/base balance, and detoxification

70
Q

Whats a prime mover?

A

produces force (forearm)

71
Q

Whats a synergist?

A

assists prime mover (biceps)

72
Q

Whats an antagonist?

A

opposes prime mover (triceps would antagonize biceps)

73
Q

Whats a fixator?

A

prevents bone from moving (calf)

74
Q

Whats isometric contraction?

A

No change in length

75
Q

What is isotonic contraction?

A

length will change but not tension

76
Q

What is the epiphyses?

A

enlarged end of a bone

77
Q

What is the diaphysis?

A

the shaft of a bone

78
Q

What is the medullary cavity?

A

marrow cavity

79
Q

What is nutrient formina?

A

hole that allows blood vessels to flow through

80
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

allows vessels and nerves to pass through bone

81
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

covers the insides of bones

82
Q

What is appositional growth?

A

adding more matrix outside

83
Q

What is interstitial growth?

A

adding more matrix inside

84
Q

What is calcitrol?

A

increases blood calcium level

85
Q

What is calcitonin?

A

decreases blood calcium level

86
Q

What is the parathyroid hormone?

A

secreted by parathyroid gland

87
Q

What are ionotropic effects?

A

membrane potential changes when ion gates are opened

88
Q

What is metabotropic effects?

A

alter metabolism that opens ligand-gated ion channels

89
Q

What are qualitative neural signals?

A

which neurons are firing

90
Q

What are quantitative neural signals?

A

how many neurons and how often they are firing

91
Q

Where does cerebrospinal fluid come from?

A

plexus in the brain

92
Q

What is the blood-brain barrier?

A

found in capillaries throughout brain tissue

93
Q

What is the blood CSF barrier?

A

found in choroid plexus

94
Q

What are the 3 structures of the brain?

A

cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem

95
Q

What are the three meninges?

A

dura, arachnoid, and pia

96
Q

What are the three ventricles?

A

lateral, third, and fourth

97
Q

What is the choroid plexus?

A

spongy mass of blood capillaries in ventricles

98
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

area of the skin that sends sensory info to a specific spinal nerve

99
Q

What are the seven functions of the hypothalamus?

A

hormone secretion, autonomic effects, thermoregulation, food and water, sleep rhythms, memory, and emotional behavior

100
Q

What does the frontal lobe concern?

A

motor functions, motivations, planning, memory, emotion, agression

101
Q

What does the parietal lobe concern?

A

sensory reception and taste

102
Q

What does the occipital lobe concern?

A

all vision

103
Q

What does the temporal lobe concern?

A

hearing, smell, memory, recognition

104
Q

What does the insula concern?

A

understanding language and taste

105
Q

What part of the brain controls sleep?

A

nuclei in the hypothalamus and brainstem

106
Q

What part of the brain controls cognition?

A

areas of the cerebrum

107
Q

What part of the brain controls memory?

A

hippocampus

108
Q

What part of the brain controls emotion?

A

hypothalamus

109
Q

What are the two subdivisions of sensory division?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

110
Q

What are the subdivisions of the motor division?

A

somatic and autonomic nervous

111
Q

What are receptors?

A

any structure that detects a stimulus

112
Q

What are the 4 properties of receptors?

A

convert energy, local potential, not all neurons, all release neurotransmitters

113
Q

What are the 4 types of info sent by receptors?

A

modality, location, intensity, and duration

114
Q

What are the three types of classification receptors?

A

stimulus modality, distribution of receptors, and origins of stimuli

115
Q

What are 5 types of stimulus modality?

A

chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors, mechanoreceptors, and photoreceptors

116
Q

What are the three origins of stimuli?

A

interoceptors, proprioceptors, and exteroceptors

117
Q

What are the three types of unecapsulated nerve endings?

A

free, tactile, and hair

118
Q

What are the 6 types of encapsulated nerve endings?

A

tactile, krause end bulbs, lamellated, ruff ini, spindles, and golgi tendon

119
Q

What are the two nociceptor types of pain?

A

fast and slow pain fibers

120
Q

What is referred pain?

A

visceral pain that is sensed in superficial areas of the body

121
Q

What are the sound qualities of hearing?

A

pitch and loudness

122
Q

What are 5 the accessory structures of the eye?

A

eyebrows, eyelids, conjuctiva, lacrimal apparatus, and eye muscles

123
Q

What are the three tunics of the eye?

A

fibrosa, vasculosa, and interna

124
Q

What are rods responsible for?

A

night vision

125
Q

What are cones used for?

A

color vision

126
Q

What are the first order neurons of the visual pathway?

A

bipolar cells

127
Q

What are the second order neurons in the visual pathway?

A

ganglion cells

128
Q

What are endogenous opioids?

A

a painkiller-type effect

129
Q

What are the five primary taste sensation?

A

salty, sweet, sour, bitter and savory

Anatomy (16 decks)

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