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Exam Review Flashcards

0
Q

What is matter?

A

Anything that takes up space and has mass

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1
Q

What are the 3 subatomic particles and their charges?

A

Proton (+)
Neutron 0
Electron (-)

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2
Q

What is an atom?

A

Particles so small they are indivisible

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3
Q

What is a molecule?

A

Chemical particles composed of 2 or more atoms

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4
Q

What are the 3 electron shells?

A

1 -> 2
2 -> 8
3 -> 18

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5
Q

How do you calculate the weight of a molecule?

A

Sum of atomic weights

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6
Q

What is a mole?

A

Equivalent to avagadros number, periodic table atomic mass is in grams per mol

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7
Q

What 3 elements make up most of the human body?

A

Oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen

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8
Q

What is an ion?

A

Charged particle with unequal number of protons and electrons

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9
Q

What is a cation?

A

Positive charge

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10
Q

What is an anion?

A

Negative charge

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11
Q

What is an isotope?

A

Differ in number of neurons the atom contains

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12
Q

What is free radical?

A

Odd number of electrons that want to become stable

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13
Q

What is an electrolyte?

A

Salts that ionize water

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14
Q

What are the 3 atomic bonds?

A

Covalent, ionic, and hydrogen

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15
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

Forms by sharing electrons

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16
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

Attraction of cation to anion

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17
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

Weak attractive between slightly positive hydrogen and slightly negative oxygen

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18
Q

What is a polar covalent bond?

A

Electrons shared unequally

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19
Q

What is a Nonpolar covalent bond?

A

Electrons shared equally

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20
Q

What are the 7 properties of water?

A

Polarity, solvency, adhesion, cohesion, surface tension, thermal stability, and chemical reactivity

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21
Q

What is polarity?

A

Properties of water that support life

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22
Q

What is solvency?

A

Ability to dissolve other chemicals

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23
Q

What is adhesion?

A

Tendency to cling substances together

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24
Q

What is cohesion?

A

Tendency of a substance to cling to itself

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25
Q

What is surface tension?

A

Surface film on water

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26
Q

What is thermal stability?

A

Takes a lot of heat to change phases

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27
Q

What is chemical reactivity?

A

Able to ionize other substances to become ionized

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28
Q

What does hydrophobic mean?

A

Doesn’t like water

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29
Q

What does hydrophilic mean?

A

Like water

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30
Q

What does ampiphillic mean?

A

Both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts

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31
Q

What’s the difference between a calorie and a Calorie?

A

calorie- heat needed to raise 1 g of water 1 degree Celsius

Calorie- 1000 calories

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32
Q

What is suspension?

A

Has large particles mixed in a solvent

Ex: blood cells in blood plasma

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33
Q

What is a colloid?

A

A mixture of larger particles in a solvent

Ex: albumin in plasma

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34
Q

What is a solution?

A

Solute mixed with a solvent

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35
Q

What is a solute?

A

Substances that dissolve

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36
Q

What is a solvent?

A

Substances that does the dissolving

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37
Q

What is an acid?

A

A proton donor

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38
Q

What is a base?

A

A proton acceptor

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39
Q

What happens when an acid and base are mixed?

A

Neutralized substance

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40
Q

What is the pH of water?

A

7 (neutral)

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41
Q

What is the pH of blood?

A

7.35-7.45 (basic)

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42
Q

What is a buffer?

A

Resist changes in pH

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43
Q

What are the 3 chemical reactions?

A

Decomposition
Synthesis
Exchange

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44
Q

What is an organic compound?

A

Compounds containing carbon

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45
Q

What are the 4 organic compounds?

A

Carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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46
Q

What are foods composed of carbs?

A

Sugars and starches

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47
Q

What are elements in carbs?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

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48
Q

What’s a monosaccharides generic formula?

A

C6H12O6 (glucose)

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49
Q

What are fatty acids?

A

Chain of 24 carbon atoms with a carboxyl and methyl group at the ends

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50
Q

What is a saturated fatty acid?

A

Maximum amount of hydrogens

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51
Q

What is an unsaturated fatty acid?

A

Has double bonds

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52
Q

What is a triglyceride?

A

3 fatty acids bonded to a glycerol

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53
Q

What is a steroid?

A

Lipid with carbon atoms arranged in 4 rings

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54
Q

Whah molecules does the body use to make steroid hormones?

A

Cholesterol

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55
Q

What’s a phospholipid?

A

Triglyceride with a phosphate group

56
Q

How many amino acids are in the human body?

57
Q

What is a peptide?

A

2 or more amino acids joined by peptide bonds

58
Q

What is a polypeptide?

A

More than 15 amino acids

59
Q

What is primary structure?

A

Chain of amino acids

60
Q

What is tertiary structure?

A

Beta pleated sheets

61
Q

What is quarternary structure?

A

2 or more polypeptide chains

62
Q

What is conformation?

A

3D shape crucial to function

63
Q

What is denaturation?

A

Change that destroys a function

64
Q

What’s a conjugated protein?

A

Containing a non amino acid moiety

65
Q

What are the 7 functions of proteins?

A

Structure, communication, membrane transport, catalysis, recognition and protection, movement, cell adhesion

66
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

Proteins that are catalysts. Speed up reactions

67
Q

What is a substrate?

A

Binds to an enzyme and is the site it acts upon

68
Q

How do enzymes speed up reactions?

A

Lowers activation energy

69
Q

What are cofactors?

A

Non protein partners and changes enzymes shape

70
Q

What are coenzymes?

A

Organic cofactors

71
Q

What is the metabolic pathway?

A

chain of reactions

72
Q

What are the sub units of nucleic acids?

A

DNA and RNA

73
Q

What 3 things make up a nucleotide?

A

Nitrogenous base, sugarcane and phosphate group

74
Q

What are the structural differences in DNA and RNA?

A

DNA is double stranded RNA is single stranded and smaller

75
Q

What are the 5 points of the cell theory of life?

A

All organisms are composed of cells. Cell is simplest structural unit of life. Cellular activity relates structures and functions. Cells come from other cells. Cells have many similarities

76
Q

What is ATP?

A

Adenosine triphosphate and it is the most important energy molecule

77
Q

Why are cells microscopic?

A

Small surface area

78
Q

What is cytosol?

A

Gel like solution where organelles and cytoskeleton is embedded

79
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

Contents of cell between plasma membrane and nuclear envelope

80
Q

What are integrated proteins?

A

Do not go through membrane

81
Q

What are 3 functions of the plasma membrane?

A

Defines boundaries, controls interactions, controls pathways of cell

82
Q

What are peripheral proteins?

A

Go through plasma membrane

83
Q

What are the 7 functions of membrane proteins?

A

Receptors, messenger, enzymes, ion channels, carriers, glycoproteins, and holding cells together

84
Q

What is cilia?

A

Hair like processes, move materials

85
Q

What is flagella?

A

Whip like structures

86
Q

What are microvilli?

A

Extensions that add surface area

87
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Brain of cell

88
Q

What surrounds the nucleus?

A

Nuclear envelope

89
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum function?

A

Synthesizes steroids, lipids, detox, and creates membranes

90
Q

What is the rough ER?

A

Flattened sacs with ribosomes

91
Q

What does the rough ER do?

A

Makes steroids and lipids, detoxifies alcohol, manufactures membranes

92
Q

What does the smooth ER do?

A

Detox and stores calcium in muscle cells

93
Q

What do ribosomes?

A

Translates mRNA to protein

94
Q

Function of Golgi apparatus?

A

Packages protons and glycoproteins and forms vesicles and lysosomes

95
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Package of enzymes

96
Q

What is autodigestion?

A

Digestion of worn out organelles

97
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death

98
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Synthesize ATP

99
Q

What are christae?

A

Double unit membrane inside mitochondria

100
Q

What is the matrix?

A

Space between christae

101
Q

How many ATP are made during the breakdown of glucose?

102
Q

What is the function of a centriole?

A

Cilia function

103
Q

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

A

Support and shape of cell

104
Q

What structures make up the cytoskeleton? (3)

A

Micro filaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules

105
Q

How does a cell change it’s shape?

A

Conformation

106
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Movement from high concentration to low concentration

107
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Diffusion of water down a concentration gradient

108
Q

What does hypertonic mean?

A

Absorbs water

109
Q

What does hypotonic mean?

A

Gives up water

110
Q

What does isotonic mean?

A

Water flows in and out

111
Q

What is carrier mediated transport?

A

Proteins that carry solutes across membrane

112
Q

What is facilitated transport?

A

Transport solute down a gradient

113
Q

What is active transport?

A

Transport of solute up a gradient

114
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

Taking into cell

115
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

Releasing outside of cell

116
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Eating of cells

117
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

Cell drinking

118
Q

What is cotransport?

A

2 or more solutes carried in the same direction

119
Q

What’s antiport?

A

Carry 2 or more solutes in opposite directions

120
Q

What are the 4 primary tissue types?

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

121
Q

What is the matrix made of?

A

ECF make of fibrous proteins and ground substance

122
Q

What is ground substance made of?

123
Q

What is simple stratified tissue?

A

Every cell touches basement membrane

124
Q

What is stratified tissue?

A

2-20 layers on top of each other

125
Q

What are pseudo-stratified tissues?

A

All cells touch basement membrane

126
Q

What is the most widespread epithelium in body?

A

Stratified

127
Q

What is keratin?

A

Durable, waterproof protein found in skin

128
Q

What are the 8 functions of connective tissue?

A

Binding of organs, support, physical protection, immune protection, movement, storage, hear production, and transport

129
Q

What is the difference between FCT and other connective tissues?

A

Fibers in structure

130
Q

What are fibroblasts?

A

Found in FCT and produce fibers

131
Q

What are macrophages?

A

Found in FCT and are large phagocytes

132
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

Found in FCT and are white blood cells

133
Q

What are plasma cells?

A

Found in FCT and produce antibodies?

134
Q

What are mast cells?

A

Found in FCT and secrete heparin and histamine

135
Q

What are adipocytes?

A

Found in FCT and are fat cells

136
Q

What are collagenious fibers?

A

Made of collagen

137
Q

What are reticular fibers?

A

Thin collagen fibers with glycoprotein

138
Q

What are elastic fibers?

A

Made of elastin proteins

Anatomy (16 decks)

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