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Anatomy > Exam 2 Review > Flashcards

Exam 2 Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common protein fiber in the body?

A

Collagenous

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2
Q

What is ground substance made of?

A

long polysaccharides or vary large carbs

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3
Q

What are the two types of dense FCT?

A

Loose and dense connective tissue

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4
Q

What are fibroblasts?

A

produce fibers and become fibrocytes

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5
Q

What are chondroblasts?

A

cells that secrete matrix of collagen fibers and ground substance

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6
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

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7
Q

Which of the three types of cartilage is the strongest?

A

hyaline

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8
Q

What is the most flexible type of cartilage?

A

elastic

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9
Q

What is the most elastic type of cartilage?

A

elastic

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10
Q

What are the two types of bone?

A

spongy and compact bone

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11
Q

What is spongy bone?

A

found on the interior of many bones

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12
Q

What is compact bone?

A

found on exterior of all bones

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13
Q

What is the function of the haversian canal?

A

transports blood vessels and nerves

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14
Q

What are lamellae?

A

rings around the haversian canal

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15
Q

What is an osteon?

A

haversian canal and surrounding lamellae

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16
Q

What is an osteocyte?

A

live bone cells

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17
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

FCT that surrounds whole bones

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18
Q

What are the 3 formed elements of blood?

A

erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

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19
Q

What is the ground substance of blood?

A

plasma

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20
Q

What are the three parts of a neuron?

A

dendrites, stoma, and axon

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21
Q

What is a dendrite?

A

a neuron that carries impulses to the stoma

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22
Q

what is the stoma?

A

the cell body

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23
Q

what is the axon?

A

carries impulses away from the soma

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24
Q

What is neuroglia?

A

protect and assist neurons 50/1

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25
Q

What are neurons?

A

nerve cells that carry impulses

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26
Q

What are the three types of muscle cells?

A

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

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27
Q

What are skeletal muscle cells?

A

cells that attach to bones and are under voluntary control

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28
Q

What are cardiac muscle cells?

A

found only in the heart and are under involuntary control

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29
Q

What are smooth muscle cells?

A

forms walls of muscular organs and are under involuntary control

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30
Q

What are the three types of intercellular junctions?

A

tight, desmosomes, and gap junctions

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31
Q

What is a intercalated disc?

A

specialized junction that connects cells

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32
Q

What are the two types of glands?

A

exocrine glands and endocrine glands

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33
Q

What is an exocrine gland?

A

secretions that reach the surface of an organ

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34
Q

What is an endocrine gland?

A

secretions go to bloodstream

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35
Q

What are the three types of secreted material?

A

serous, mucous, cytogenic

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36
Q

What are the two methods of secretion?

A

merocrine and holocrine

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37
Q

What is a melocrine secretion?

A

are released through exocytosis

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38
Q

What is a holocrine secretion?

A

are released when cell ruptures

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39
Q

What the difference between secretion and excretion?

A

secretion is active excretion is passive

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40
Q

What are the three types of membranes?

A

cutaneous, synovial, and serous

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41
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

tissue growth cell enlargement

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42
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

tissue growth cell multiplication

43
Q

What is atrophy?

A

shrinkage of tissue

44
Q

what is necrosis?

A

premature death of tissue

45
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

programmed cell death

46
Q

What is regeneration?

A

replacement of dead and damaged cells

47
Q

What is fibrosis?

A

replacement of damage tissue with scar tissue

48
Q

What does thin skin contain?

A

epidermis, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and hair follicles

49
Q

What does thick skin contain?

A

sweat glands

50
Q

What are the two layers of the skin?

A

epidermis and dermis

51
Q

What is the hypodermis?

A

subcataneous layer of skin

52
Q

What is the epidermis?

A

outer layer of skin

53
Q

What is the dermis?

A

layer of connective underneath the epidermis

54
Q

What are the five strata of the epidermis?

A

basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum

55
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A

red pigment in blood cells

56
Q

What is melanin?

A

dark pigment in stratum basale and spinosum

57
Q

What is carotene?

A

yellow pigment from egg yolk

58
Q

What are the 7 functions of the skin?

A

resistance to trauma, barrier to uv light, vitamin d synthesis, sensory receptors, thermo receptors through sweating, non verbal communcation

59
Q

What is horripulation?

A

goosebumps

60
Q

What is hair?

A

filament of keratinized cells growing from a follicle

61
Q

What is arrector pilli?

A

bundle of smooth muscle fibers attached to root sheath

62
Q

What are nails?

A

hard derivatives from the stratum corneum

63
Q

What is the nail matrix?

A

area of growth

64
Q

What are 3 functions of the hair?

A

thermoregulation
social functions
sensory functions

65
Q

What are the three sections of the hair?

A

bulb, root, shaft

66
Q

What are the three layers of the hair?

A

medulla, cortex, cuticle

67
Q

What is the serous membrane?

A

internal membrane that lines body cavaties

68
Q

What is the mucous membrane?

A

lines passageways that open to exterior

69
Q

What are the seven functions of the skeletal system?

A

support, protection, movement, blood formation, electrolyte balance, acid/base balance, detoxification

70
Q

What are the 4 bone shapes?

A

Long, short, flat, irregular, and wormian

71
Q

What is the difference between spongy and compact bone?

A

spongy bone is found on the interior and compact bone is found on the exterior

72
Q

What is the epiphyses?

A

enlarged end of a long bone

73
Q

What is the diaphysis?

A

the shaft of a long bone

74
Q

What are nutrient formina?

A

hole that allows blood vessels and nerves to go through

75
Q

Difference between periosteum and endosteum?

A

endosteum is located in the epyphesis and periosteum is located in the diaphysis

76
Q

What are preforating fibers?

A

bundles of fibers that pass from the outside in

77
Q

Why are preforating fibers so important to bone growth?

A

allows nutrients to pass through

78
Q

What are the 3 types of osteogenic cells?

A

osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

79
Q

What do osteoblasts do?

A

produce more bone cells

80
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

osteoblasts trapped in matrix

81
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

break down bone cells

82
Q

What is red marrow?

A

blood tissue

83
Q

What is yellow marrow?

A

fatty tissue

84
Q

What is intramembranous ossification?

A

creation of bone from membranous tissue

85
Q

What are the 5 stages of ossification?

A

embryonic tissue forms sheet, osteoid tissue is made, calcium is deposited to form spongy bone, spongy bone become compact bone, osteoclasts reshape interior

86
Q

What happens in fracture repair?

A

Forms a hematoma, blood clots, cells invade area, granulation tissue is formed, osteogenic cells become chondroblats to make fibrocartilage, lays down collagen, ostoblasts are formed and remodeled

87
Q

What is metaphysis?

A

transitional zone between epiphysis and diaphysis

88
Q

What are the 5 zones?

A
  1. zone of reserve
  2. zone of profileration
  3. zone of hypertrophy
  4. zone of calcification
  5. zone of deposition
89
Q

What is appositional growth?

A

adding more matrix to the surface

90
Q

What is interstital growth?

A

adding more matrix internally

91
Q

What is synarthrosis?

A

little or no movement

92
Q

What is amphiarthroses?

A

slightly movable joint

93
Q

What are diarthroses?

A

freely movable joint

94
Q

What is a fibrous joint?

A

extends from matrix to matrix

95
Q

What are cartilaginous joints?

A

bones held together by cartilage

96
Q

What are synovial joints?

A

bones separated by a joint cavity filled with fluid

97
Q

What is a suture?

A

plan shaped edge

98
Q

What is a gomphoses?

A

hold teeth into jaw bone

99
Q

What is synovial fluid?

A

similar to egg white. aids to cartilage and joints

100
Q

What is a meniscus?

A

a pad of hyaline cartilage between bones

101
Q

What is a bursa?

A

fibrous sac filled with fluid

102
Q

What is a first class lever?

A

resistance between effort and resistance

103
Q

What is a second class lever?

A

resistance between effort and falcrum

104
Q

What is a third class lever?

A

effort is between resistance and fulcrum

Anatomy (16 decks)

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