Final Flashcards
What is the mean value of the radiation doubling dose for humans, as determined from studies of the
children of the atomic bomb survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki?
A. 3.00 Sv
B. 1.56 Sv
C. 5.67 Sv
D. 1.00 Sv
1.56
Cosmic radiation occurs in which two forms?
A. Solar and galactic
B. Natural background and artificial
C. Solar and human-made
D. Artificial and galactic
A. Solar and galactic
Which of the following radiation quantities use the same unit of measure?
A. Effective dose and equivalent dose
B. Exposure and effective dose
C. Absorbed dose and equivalent dose
D. All of the above
Effective dose and equivalent dose
The millisievert (mSv) is equal to
1/1000 of a sievert.
1/100 of a sievert.
1/10.000 of a sievert.
1/10 of a sievert.
1/1000 of a sievert
The symbol Z indicates
A atomic number of an atom.
B. the number of vacancies in an atomic shell.
C. atomic weight of an atom.
D. fluorescent yield.
atomic number of an atom
Particles associated with electromagnetic radiation that have neither mass nor electric charge and
travel at the speed of light are
ions.
positrons.
X-ray photons.
negatrons.
X-ray photons
During the 1950s and 1960s, the Navajo people of Arizona and New Mexico who mined uranium for
fuel for nuclear weapons and power plants developed lung cancer years after their exposure. This provides an example of which of the following?
A.Early tissue reactions
B.Late tissue reactions
C. Late stochastic effects
d. Late genetic effects
Late stochastic effects
The advantages of the BERT method are
1. BERT does not imply radiation risk; it is simply a means for comparison.
2. BERT emphasizes that radiation is an innate part of the environment.
3. BERT provides an answer that is easy for the patient to comprehend.
A. 1 and 3 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 1 and 2 only
d.All the options
All the options
The hematopoietic form of acute radiation syndrome is also called the
A. cytogenetic syndrome.
B. cerebrovascular syndrome.
C. bone marrow syndrome.
D. Auger syndrome.
bone marrow syndrome.
Revised concepts of the risks of radiation exposure have brought about changes in NCRP
recommendations for limits on exposure to ionizing radiation over a number of decades. Because
many conflicting views exist on assessing the risk of cancer induction from low-level radiation exposure, the trend has been to
A. reduce rigorous radiation protection standards.
B. eliminate radiation protection standards.
C. create more rigorous radiation protection standards.
D. leave radiation protection standards the same as they have been for the last 20 years.
create more rigorous radiation protection standards.
The term apoptosis is synonymous with
A. point mutation.
B. programmed cell death.
C. meiosis.
D. mitosis.
programmed cell death
Typically, people are more willing to accept a risk if they perceive that the potential benefit to be
obtained is:
A.typically, people are not willing to accept risk no matter how great the benefit maybe.
B. less than the risk involved.
C. equal to the risk involved.
D. greater than the risk involved.
greater than the risk involved.
Determine the cumulative effective dose (CumEfD) limit to the whole body of an occupationally exposed person who is 46 years old.
4600 mSv
46 mSV
460 mSv
4.6 mSv
460 msv
What unit is used to measure radiation exposure in the metric International System of Units?
Millisievert
Milligray
Coulomb per kilogram
Sievert
Coulomb per kilogram
If bone marrow cells have not been destroyed by exposure to ionizing radiation, they can
- repopulate after a period of recovery.
- overpopulate and become radioresistant.
- remain in circulating blood indefinitely.
- become insensitive to future exposures from ionizing radiation.
repopulate after a period of recovery.
Which of the following statements is true?
- Medical imaging personnel hardly ever receive equivalent doses that are close to the annual occupational effective dose limit.
- Medical imaging personnel always receive equivalent doses that are close to the annual occupational effective dose limit.
- Medical imaging personnel absolutely never receive equivalent doses that are close to the annual occupational effective dose limit.
- Medical imaging personnel almost always receive equivalent doses that are close to the annual occupational effective dose limit.
Medical imaging personnel hardly ever receive equivalent doses that are close to the annual occupational effective dose limit.
Whenever the letter “M’ appears under the current monitoring period or in the cumulative columns of a personnel monitoring report, it signifies that a (an)
-A. equivalent dose below the minimum measurable radiation quantity was recorded during that time.
B. maximal equivalent dose has been exceeded during that time.
-c. mistake has been made in recording the equivalent dose.
- d. equivalent dose higher than the minimum measurable radiation quantity was recorded during that time.
equivalent dose below the minimum measurable radiation quantity was recorded
during that time.
Which of the following provides the basis for determining whether an imaging procedure or practice
Is justified?
a. NEXT program
b. ALARA concept
C. BERT method
D. Diagnostic efficacy
Diagnostic efficacy
Effective dose (ED) limits may be specified for
- partial-body exposure.
- whole-body exposure.
- exposure of individual organs.
- all of the options.
All the options.
The prodromal stage of acute radiation syndrome is actually the
a. manifest illness period.
b. recovery period.
C latent period.
d.beginning stage.
beginning stage
Research has shown that repeated radiation injuries have a
a. threshold effect.
b.cumulative effect.
C. quadratic effect.
d.sigmoidal effect.
.cumulative effect
Which of the following is not a form of acute radiation syndrome?
a.Hematopoietic syndrome
b.Carcinogenic syndrome
C.Gastrointestinal syndrome
d.Cerebrovascular syndrome
Carcinogenic syndrome
Why should the selection of technical exposure factors for all medical imaging procedures always
follow ALARA?
a. So that referring physicians ordering imaging procedures do not have to accept responsibility for patient radiation safety
b.So that radiographers and radiologists do not have to accept responsibility for patient radiation safety.
C. Because radiation-induced cancer does not appear to have a fixed threshold, that is a dose level below which a person would have no chance of developing this disease
d.Because radiation-induced cancer does have a dose level at which individuals would have a chance of developing this disease.
Because radiation-induced cancer does not appear to have a fixed threshold, that
is a dose level below which a person would have no chance of developing this
Three different filters are incorporated into the detector packet of the optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter. Of what are these filters made?
A. Zinc, copper, and lead
b. Aluminum, tin, and lead
C. Zinc, copper, and barium
d.Aluminum, tin, and copper
Aluminum, tin, and copper
Which of the following formulas is used to calculate effective dose?
A. EFD =D = WR × Wt
b. EfD = D x WR × Wt
C. EFD = (D x WR), + (D x WR)2 + (D x WR)}
All of the options
b. EfD = D x WR × Wt
a person receives radiation exposure sufficient to cause the gastrointestinal syndrome, fatality occurs primarily as a result of
A. convulsive seizures.
B. catastrophic damage to the epithelial cells that line the gastrointestinal track.
C. edema in the cranial vault.
d. meningitis.
catastrophic damage to the epithelial cells that line the gastrointestinal track.
Which of the following is/are considered low-LET radiation(s)?
A. Alpha particles and gamma rays
b. X-rays
C. X-rays and gamma rays
d.Alpha particles
Alpha particles and gamma rays
Early tissue reactions are
A. not common in diagnostic imaging.
b. common in diagnostic imaging.
C. a result of irradiation of acellular tissue.
D. a result of Grenz rays in a diagnostic ×-ray beam.
not common in diagnostic imaging.
During the major response stages of acute radiation syndrome after the prodromal stage and a period
of false calm that may last for several days, the stage when symptoms that affect the hematopoietic,
gastrointestinal, and cerebrovascular systems occurs, this stage is called
A. manifest illness.
b.recovery.
C. the cytogenic syndrome.
D. the latent period.
manifest illness.
Which of the following helps shield the global population from exposure to essentially all high-energy, bombarding cosmic rays?
A. Fog
b.Atmosphere and magnetic field of the Earth
C. Clouds
D. Smog
Atmosphere and magnetic field of the Earth
The term LD 50/30 signifies the wholle-body dose of radiation that can be lethal to
A. 30% of the exposed population within 50 days.
B. 50% of the exposed population within 30 days.
C. 30% of the exposed population within 30 days.
D. 50% of the exposed population within 50 days.
50% of the exposed population within 30 days.
How many different amino acids are involved in protein synthesis in humans?
22
The ALARA concept adopts an extremely conservative model concerning the relationship between
A. radiation dose and health care spending.
B. health care education and radiation research.
C. ionizing and nonionizing radiation.
D. ionizing radiation and potential risk.
ionizing radiation and potential risk.
Direct action may occur after exposure to any type of radiation, but it is much more likely to occur
after exposure to
a.high-LET radiation such as alpha particles.
b.low-LET radiation such as gamma rays.
C. non ionizing radiation such as microwaves.
d. low-LET radiation such as x-rays.
high-LET radiation such as alpha particles
The first decay product of radium is
a.X-ray.
b.radon.
C.strontium.
d. cesium.
Rafon
In which of the following human populations is the isk for causing a radiation induced cancer not directly

A. All patients in diagnostic radiology subjecled to a radiation dose below 0.1 sv
b.Chernobyl radiation accident victims living in contaminated villages.
C.Atomic bomb survivors.
D. Both B and C.
All patients in diagnostic radiology subjecled to a radiation dose below 0.1 sv
Genetic effects from exposure to ionizing radiation occur as a result of radiation-induced damage to
the DNA molecule in which of the following?
Sperm of a man
Ova of a woman
Somatic cells of men and women
Both A and B
D
Compton scattering is synonymous with
photoelectric absorption.
photodisintegration.
incoherent scattering.
coherent scattering.
incoherent scattering.
What is the effective atomic number of compact bone?
7.6
7.4
5.9
13.8
13.8
Based on current data, which of the following would be considered a safe radiation dose for the
gonads of both males and females?
1 Gy,
5 Gyt
0 Gyt
3 Gy,
0 Gyt
The term linear nonthreshold relationship implies that the biologic response to ionizing radiation is
A. directly proportional to the square of the dose all the way down to levels
approaching zero.
B. inversely proportional to the dose all the way down to levels approaching zero.
C. directly proportional to the dose all the way down to levels approaching zero.
D. inversely proportional to the square of the dose all the way down to levels
approaching zero.
directly proportional to the dose all the way down to levels approaching zero.
Which of the following humans is most radiosensitive?
A. An embryo-fetus during the first trimester of pregnancy
b.A fetus during the third trimester of gestation
C. A mature adult
d.A 5-year-old child
An embryo-fetus during the first trimester of pregnancy
Which of the following late effects caused by exposure to ionizing radiation is considered to be most
significant?
A. Embryologic or birth defects.
b.Cancer.
C. Cataract formation.
D. None; all the options are considered to be of equal significance.
Cancer
Alpha particles have a radiation weighting factor (WR) that is numerically equal to
20
What is the most common unit of measure of equivalent dose?
a.MicroLiter
b.Millisievert
C.Coulomb per kilogram
d.Milligray
Millisievert
Radiation-induced cataracts in humans follow a_______ dose-response relationship.
nonthreshold, nonlinear
b.threshold, linear
C. nonthreshold, linear
d.threshold, nonlinear
threshold, nonlinear
For persons with hematopoietic syndrome, survival time shortens as
A.there is no survival time for persons with the hematopoietic syndrome.
B. the radiation dose decreases.
C. the radiation dose increases.
D. the radiation dose remains the same.
the radiation dose increases.
Which of the following terms involves a random effect of ionizing radiation?
Reddening of the skin
Change in white blood cell count
Early tissue reactions
Stochastic event
Stochastic event
Upper boundary safe radiation exposure limits for occupationally exposed persons are associated
with risks that are similar to those encountered by employees in other industries that are generally
considered to be reasonably safe. These industries include
1. manufacturing.
2. trade.
3. government.
123
The responsibility for maintaining radiation monitoring records for all personnel and for providing
counseling for individuals who receive monitor readings in excess of allowable limits belongs to the
a.hospital administrator.
b.director of human resources of a health care facility.
C. designated radiation safety officer of a health care facility.
d.radiologic technologist in charge of quality control.
designated radiation safety officer of a health care facility.
The effective dose (ED) occupational limit for the lens of the eye is
a.5 mSv.
B. 150 mSv.
15 mSv.
50 mSv.
150
Terrestrial radiation includes which of the following sources?
a. The sun and beyond the solar system
b.Radioactive fallout from nuclear weapons tests in which detonation occurred above ground
C.Airport surveillance systems and electron microscopes
d.Long-lived radioactive elements such as uranium-238, radium-226, and
thorium-232 that are present in variable quantities in the crust of the Earth
Long-lived radioactive elements such as uranium-238, radium-226, and
thorium-232 that are present in variable quantities in the crust of the Earth
Which of the following are sources of low-level radiation exposure?
1. X-rays and radioactive materials used for diagnostic purposes
2. Employment-related exposure in medicine and industry
3. Natural background radiation
123
Radiation-induced genetic abnormalities are caused by unrepaired damage
A. epithelial cells in the human body.
B. DNA molecules in the sperm or ova of an adult.
C. all stem cells in the human body
D. somatic cells in the human body.
B. DNA molecules in the sperm or ova of an adult.
If 400 people receive an average effective dose of 0.25 Sv, what is the collective effective dose?
100
Occasional exposure for the purpose of education and training is permitted, provided that special care is taken to ensure that the annual effective dose limit of is not exceeded for persons under the age of 18 years.
3 mSv annually
0.5 mSv annually
2 mSv annually
1mSv annuallv
1 msv
Because the genetic information to be passed on to future generations is contained in the strict sequence of nitrogenous bases, the loss or change of a base in the DNA chain represents a (an)
bleb.
covalent cross-ink
aneuploidy.
mutation
mutation
Atrophy refers to
shrinkage of organs and tissues after a high radiation dose is received.
Which of the following groups of cells is most radiosensitive?
Lymphocytes
Which of the following are classified as early tissue reactions of ionizing radiation?
A. Nausea, epilation, and intestinal disorders
B. Erythema, cataract formation, and cancer
C. Blood disorders, fever, and genetic effects
D. Male and female sterility, embryologic defects, and cancer
A. Nausea, epilation, and intestinal disorders
Mutations in genes and DNA that occur at random as natural phenomena are called
Sporadic mutations.
carcinogenic mutations.
spontaneous mutations.
stochastic mutations.
spontaneous mutations.
The cumulative effective dose (CumEfD) limit does not include
1. exposure acquired as a consequence of a radiation worker’s undergoing medical imaging
procedures.
2. radiation exposure from natural background radiation.
3. radiation exposure received while radiographers perform imaging procedures on patients.
1 and 2
If two anatomic structures have the same density and atomic number but one is twice as thick as the other, the thicker structure will absorb
A. eight times the number of x-ray photons.
B. twice as many X-ray photons.
C. four times the number of x-rav photons
D. the same number of x-rav photons
twice as many X-ray photons.
Diagnostic efficacy includes:
1. determining if an imaging procedure is justified.
2. producing optimal quality images with the least radiation exposure to the patient.
3. adhering to radiation safety guidelines
4. revealing the presence or absence of disease in a patient.
All of the above
Data from epidemiologic studies of human populations exposed to doses of ionizing radiation
sufficient to cause acute radiation syndrome have been obtained from
1. atomic bomb survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
2. Marshall Islanders who were inadvertently subjected to high levels of fallout during an atomic
bomb test in 1954.
3. nuclear radiation accident victims, such as those injured in the 1986 Chernobyl disaster.
4. patients who have undergone radiation therapy.
1234
The total kinetic energy released in a unit mass (kilogram) of air and expressed in metric unit joules per kilogram is
air kerma.
effective dose.
equivalent dose.
absorbed dose.
air kerma
The personnel direct ion storage dosimeter provides an instant read-out of dose information when connected to a computer via a connector such as a (an)
charge-coupled device.
electrometer.
universal serial bus (USB)
ionization chamber.
universal serial bus (USB
Which of the following is a form of radiation that is capable of creating electrically charged particles
by removing orbital electrons from the atom of normal matter through which it passes?
Subatomic radiation
Ultrasonic radiation
Ionizing radiation
Nonionizing radiation
Ionizing radiation
Among physicians, cancer deaths attributed to ×-ray exposure were reported as early as
1945.
1930.
1937
1910.
1910
If a patient asks a radiographer a question abour how much radiation he or she willreceive/funa
specific -ray procedure, the radiographer can:
A. avoid the patient’s question by changing the subject.
b. tell the patient that it is unethical to discuss such concerns.
C. refuse to answer the question and recommend that he or she speak with thereferring physician.
D. respond by using an estimation based on the comparison of radiation received from the x-ray to natural background radiation received.
respond by using an estimation based on the comparison of radiation received from the x-ray to natural background radiation received.
