final

Question 1

harlow and attachment

Answer 1

attachment: a deep emotional bond that an infant forms with its primary caregiver

Question 2

Harlow rhesus monkey studies

Answer 2

• took monkey away from their mothers and put them in cages with a blanket
• he found that the monkey became attached to the blankets like they would if it were their mother
• means there is a preference for contact comfort

Question 3

styles of attachment

Answer 3

strange situation test
secure attachment
insecure attachment

Question 4

strange situation test

Answer 4

a parent-infant “separation and reunion” procedure that is staged in a lab to test the security of a child’s attachment

Question 5

secure attachment

Answer 5

a parent-infant relationship in which the baby is secure when the parent is present, distressed by separation, and delighted by reunion

Question 6

insecure attachment

Answer 6

a parent-infant relationship in which the baby clings to the parent, cries at separation, and reacts with anger or apathy to reunion

Question 7

Piaget’s stages of development

Answer 7

sensorimotor stage
pre operational stage
concrete operational stage
formal operation stage

Question 8

sensorimotor stage

Answer 8

• babies
• objects exists only for the moment in which the baby can see it, with the hope that they develop object permanence

Question 9

object permanence

Answer 9

allows babies to be aware that the object still exists even when it “disappears” from sight

Question 10

pre operational stage

Answer 10

• ages 2-6
• child uses symbols, but doesn’t reason logically

Question 11

concrete operational stage

Answer 11

• ages 7-12
• child thinks logically about concrete ideas, can add and subtract, as well as understand conversations they overhear

Question 12

formal operational stage

Answer 12

• age 12-“adult” aka adolescent
• can reason and think abstractly

Question 13

Kohlberg’s levels of moral reasoning

Answer 13

pre conventional level
conventional level
post conventional level

Question 14

pre conventional level

Answer 14

moral dilemmas are resolved to satisfy self-serving motives

Question 15

self serving motives

Answer 15

an act is moral if it enables someone to avoid punishment or obtain reward

Question 16

conventional level

Answer 16

resolved in a way that reflects laws and social norms
- an act is moral if it meets with social approval or maintains the social order

Question 17

post conventional level

Answer 17

resolving dilemmas based on abstract principles (ex: equality, justice, value of life)
- an act is moral if it affirms one’s own conscience – even if it violates the law

Question 18

implicit association test (IAT)

Answer 18

a test that measures the strength of association between concepts
- how closely do people’s brains link certain concepts together

Question 19

individualistic vs collectivistic cultural differences

Answer 19

individualistic culture: a person is raised in a culture that discounts the situation and, instead, emphasizes the individual as unique and autonomous

collectivistic culture: take a more holistic view that focuses on the relationship between personal and their social roles

Question 20

James-Long theory

Answer 20

the perception of danger causes our heart to pound as you run for cover—and it’s this physiological and behavioral reaction that causes you to become afraid

Question 21

Cannon-Bard theory

Answer 21

emotion originates in the thalamus, the part of the brain that simultaneously relays messages from the sensory organs to the automatic nervous system (arousal), skeletal muscles (motor behavior), and cerebral cortex (conscious thought)

Question 22

sympathetic nervous system

Answer 22

the branch of the autonomic nervous system that controls involuntary activities of the heart, lungs, and other organs

the adrenal glands secrete more of the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine (adrenaline and noradrenaline), which increases the heart rate and blood pressure and heighten the physiological arousal

Question 23

parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 23

restores the body to its pre mobilized calm state

the heart stops racing, blood pressure is lowered, the pupils contract, breathing slows down, saliva flows again, digestive system resumes its normal functions, and energy is conserved

as adrenaline levels slowly diminish, the intensity of our feelings gradually decreases, thereby enabling us to relax

Question 24

coronary heart disease (CHD)

Answer 24

a narrowing of the blood vessels that carry oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle it is a common effect of stress and leading cause of death in the US

Question 25

CHD factors

Answer 25

hyperextension high blood pressure smoking high cholesterol results: heart attack

Question 26

stress

Answer 26

an aversive state of arousal that is triggered by the perception that an event threatens our ability to cope effectively

Question 27

stress categories

Answer 27

catastrophes major life daily hassles

Question 28

eustress

Answer 28

a stressor that one interprets as having beneficial effects ex: going on a date

Question 29

distress

Answer 29

that stressor that one interprets as having harmful effects ex: divorce

Question 30

influences of health beliefs

Answer 30

health benefits: knowledges, attitudes, and expectations that people have about their health health behaviors: the actions people take to achieve and maintain good health, promote wellness, and prevent illness

Question 31

health onion

Answer 31

model for understanding health behaviors focusing on 4 behaviors of etiology 1. individual lifestyle factors 2. social and community networks 3. living and working conditions 4. general socioeconomic, cultural, environment conditions

Question 32

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

Answer 32

a condition in which an individual develops two or more distinct identities aka as multiple personality disorder

Question 33

PTSD

Answer 33

a psychological disorder that develops as a result of exposure to a traumatic event it is the only DSM-5 disorder that requires exposure to a traumatic event for diagnosis

Question 34

ptsd can be caused by:

Answer 34

1. experiencing a traumatic event 2. witnessing an event as it occurred to others 3. learning that the traumatic event happened to a close friend or loved one

Question 35

carl rogers

Answer 35

noticed that his clients had a strong sense of self and an inner drive to grow, improve, and fulfill their potential he created the humanistic approach two types: person-centered and gestalt-therapy

Question 36

humanist approach

Answer 36

all the therapist has to do is provide warmth, a gentle, guiding hand, and a climate of uncritical acceptance, resulting in clients finding the way to happiness and personal fulfillment

Question 37

barbiturates

Answer 37

anxiety drug combats anxiety by depressing central nervous system

Question 38

depression and the brain

Answer 38

depression is associated with lower-than -needed norepinephrine levels (a chemical that is found in the part of the brain that regulates mood and emotion) depression is also linked with serotonin

Question 39

anxiety hierarchy

Answer 39

a graduated sequence of fear-provoking situations that you rate on a 100 point scale second step of the three step procedure of systematic desensitization

Question 40

prozac

Answer 40

most widely used antidepressant drug can make serotonin release more efficient without affecting other neurotransmitters

Question 41

Milgram's obedience experiments

Answer 41

- 1000 participants were put in a situation where they were ordered to administer painful shocks to "the learner" - the participants thought the were "teachers" testing the effect of punishment on learned and each time the "learner" made a mistake, they were told to deliver a shock of increasing intensity - participants could not see the learner but could hear the grunts of pain, objections, loud screams, and eventual silence - at each step, the participants were ordered to continue up the shock scale

Question 42

milgram's results

Answer 42

65% of participants delivered the ultimate punishment of 450 volts this studied the power of authority