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191 Clinical Dental Hygiene > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three basic methods for pre-cleaning instruments

A

Manual scrubbing

Instrument washer/thermal disinfector

Ultrasonic processing

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2
Q

What are the three methods of sterilization

A

Steam under pressure (autoclave)

Dry heat oven (longest)

Unsaturated chemical vapor

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3
Q

Approved methods of sterilization

A

Steam under pressure
Dry heat
Chemical vapor

Immediate use steam sterilization
Chemical or cold sterilization (not recommended)

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4
Q

What can steam under pressure sterilization be used for

A

All materials except oils, waxes and powders that are in pervious to steam and materials that cannot be subjected to high temperatures

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5
Q

Advantages of steam under pressure sterilization

A

I’ll micro organisms, spores and viruses are destroyed quickly and efficiently. Wide variety of materials may be treated. Most economical method

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6
Q

Disadvantages of steam under pressure

A

Make a road carbon steel instruments of precautions are taken

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7
Q

Uses for dry heat sterilization

A

Primarily for materials that cannot be safely sterilized with steam. For small metal instruments enclosed in special containers or that might be corroded or rusted by moisture

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8
Q

How does dry heat sterilization work

A

Achieved by heat conducted from the exterior service to the interior of the object. Temperature of 160°C (320°F) maintained for two hours or 170°C (340°F) for one hour

Timing starts once desired temperature has been reached

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9
Q

Advantages of dry heat sterilization

A

Useful for materials that cannot be subjected to steam under pressure. When maintained a correct temperature this method as well suited for sharp instruments, no corrosion compared with steam

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10
Q

Disadvantages of dry heat sterilization

A

Long exposure time required. Penetration is slow and uneven. High temperatures critical to certain materials

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11
Q

Uses for chemical vapor sterilization

A

Cannot be used for materials are objects that can be altered by the chemicals that make the vapor where they cannot withstand the high temperature. Examples are low melting plastics, liquids or heat sensitive handpieces

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12
Q

How chemical vapor sterilizers work

A

Microbial and viral destruction results from the permeation of the heated formaldehyde and alcohol. Heavy tightly wrapped or sealed packages would not permit the penetration of the vapors

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13
Q

Advantages of chemical vapor sterilization

A

Corrosion and rust free operation for carbon steel instruments. Ability to sterilize in a relatively short total cycle. He’s of operation and care of the instrument

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14
Q

Disadvantages of chemical vapor sterilization

A

Adequate ventilation is needed. Can I use in a small room. Slight odor

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15
Q

How is disinfection achieved

A

Achieved by coagulation, precipitation or oxidation of proteins of microbial cells. The nature ration of the enzymes of the cells

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16
Q

What are the four different patient chair positions

A

Upright
Semi upright
Supine
Trendelenburg

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17
Q

Semi upright

A

Patients with certain types of cardiovascular, respiratory or vertical problems may need this position

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18
Q

Supine

A

Brain is on the same level as the heart

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19
Q

Trendelenburg

A

Heart is higher than the head. Feet elevated

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20
Q

Characteristics of neutral patient position

A

Chair back nearly parallel to the floor for max treatment

Chair back raised slightly for mand treatment

For maxillary arch chin up position angle the head rest up into the back of the patient’s head so nose and chin are level

For mandibular arch chin down position ankle the headrest forward and down so the chin is lower than the nose

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21
Q

Neutral working position

A

Upper arms parallel to torso
Arms not raised
Shoulders relaxed
Clinicians face 15 to 22 inches from patient

22
Q

Easy neutral position

A

Set along side the patient
Position arm against your side
Position your arm crossed at your waist
Lower the patient’s chair until the patient’s open mouth is below the point of your elbow

23
Q

What are the two types of bacteria that carries cannot occur without

A

Mutans streptococci

Lactobacillus

24
Q

Which bacteria is responsible for initiating the carious lesion

A

Mutans streptococci

Rapidly produces lactic acid

25
Q

Which bacteria is responsible for the progression of Carrie’s lesion

A

Lactobacillus

Increase in number as S mutans decreases in numbers

26
Q

Class one dental caries

A

Pits in fishers on occlusal buckle and lingual surfaces

Lingual pits of anteriors

27
Q

Class to dental caries

A

Extension of CL one lesion into the proximal surfaces of posterior teeth. MO, DO or MOD

28
Q

Class three dental caries

A

Inter-proximal services of anterior teeth. Does not involve incisal angle

29
Q

Class four dental caries

A

Incisal angle and inter-proximal surfaces of anterior‘s

30
Q

Class five dental caries

A

Smooth surface lesion. Cervical third of facial or lingual surface of any tooth

31
Q

Class six dental caries

A

Incisally edges of anterior teeth. Cusp tips of posterior teeth

32
Q

Simple cavity

A

Involves one tooth surface. Example: occlusal cavity

33
Q

Compound cavity

A

Involves two tooth surfaces. Example: mesial occlusal cavity referred to as an MO cavity

34
Q

Complex cavity

A

Involves more than two tooth surfaces. Example: mesial-occlusal-distal, referred to as an MOD cavity

35
Q

Incipient lesion

A

Subsurface demineralization. White area spot lesion appears with no breakthrough to enamel surface. Can be re-mineralized

36
Q

Medication that can lead to gingival enlargement

A

Phenytoin- to control seizures
Cyclosporine- Immuno suppressant for organ transplant patients
Nifedipine- calcium channel blocker to treat angina and ventricular arrhythmia

37
Q

Terminologies for staging periodontitis

A

Severity
Complexity
Extent and distribution

38
Q

Terminologies for grading periodontitis

A

Primary criteria
Grade modifiers/risk factors
Risk of systemic impact of periodontitis
Biomarkers

39
Q

Steps to staging and grading the periodontal classification

A

Step one: initial assessment
Step two: establish stage
Step three: establish grade

40
Q

Classification of gingivitis

A

Plaque induced gingivitis

Non-plaque induced gingivitis

41
Q

Clinical signs of gingivitis

A

Inflammation, erythema, bleeding, swelling and possible tenderness

42
Q

Grade modifiers/risk factors for periodontitis

A

Smoking, diabetes

43
Q

Modifiable risk factors for periodontal disease

A 
Tobacco use
 diabetes
Metabolic syndrome
Obesity
Alcohol consumption
Diet
Psychological factors
Medication
44
Q

Non-modifiable risk factors

A

Genetic predisposition
Host response
Osteoporosis
Age

45
Q

Local factors (dental)

A

Tooth surface irregularities
Tooth contour
Tooth position
Dental appliances and prostheses

46
Q

Local factors (gingival)

A

Position
Size and contour
Effect of mouth breathing

47
Q

Systemic disease is affecting periodontal health

A

Diabetes: patient who does not control blood glucose more likely to have more severe periodontal disease

Heart disease, hypertension, hyper glycemia, excess abdominal fat.

MetS: Individuals with metS are 38% more likely to have periodontitis

48
Q

Obesity and periodontitis

A

Obese patients risk of periodontal the disease is doubled

49
Q

Types of cross-contamination

A

Person-to-person
Person to inanimate object
Inanimate object to person

50
Q

Essential features for disease transmission

A

Infectious agent
Reservoir
Port of exit from reservoir
Mode of transmission
Port of entry of the infectious agent into the new host
Susceptible host that does not have immunity to the invading infectious agent

191 Clinical Dental Hygiene (14 decks)

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