Final Flashcards
What are the three basic methods for pre-cleaning instruments
Manual scrubbing
Instrument washer/thermal disinfector
Ultrasonic processing
What are the three methods of sterilization
Steam under pressure (autoclave)
Dry heat oven (longest)
Unsaturated chemical vapor
Approved methods of sterilization
Steam under pressure
Dry heat
Chemical vapor
Immediate use steam sterilization
Chemical or cold sterilization (not recommended)
What can steam under pressure sterilization be used for
All materials except oils, waxes and powders that are in pervious to steam and materials that cannot be subjected to high temperatures
Advantages of steam under pressure sterilization
I’ll micro organisms, spores and viruses are destroyed quickly and efficiently. Wide variety of materials may be treated. Most economical method
Disadvantages of steam under pressure
Make a road carbon steel instruments of precautions are taken
Uses for dry heat sterilization
Primarily for materials that cannot be safely sterilized with steam. For small metal instruments enclosed in special containers or that might be corroded or rusted by moisture
How does dry heat sterilization work
Achieved by heat conducted from the exterior service to the interior of the object. Temperature of 160°C (320°F) maintained for two hours or 170°C (340°F) for one hour
Timing starts once desired temperature has been reached
Advantages of dry heat sterilization
Useful for materials that cannot be subjected to steam under pressure. When maintained a correct temperature this method as well suited for sharp instruments, no corrosion compared with steam
Disadvantages of dry heat sterilization
Long exposure time required. Penetration is slow and uneven. High temperatures critical to certain materials
Uses for chemical vapor sterilization
Cannot be used for materials are objects that can be altered by the chemicals that make the vapor where they cannot withstand the high temperature. Examples are low melting plastics, liquids or heat sensitive handpieces
How chemical vapor sterilizers work
Microbial and viral destruction results from the permeation of the heated formaldehyde and alcohol. Heavy tightly wrapped or sealed packages would not permit the penetration of the vapors
Advantages of chemical vapor sterilization
Corrosion and rust free operation for carbon steel instruments. Ability to sterilize in a relatively short total cycle. He’s of operation and care of the instrument
Disadvantages of chemical vapor sterilization
Adequate ventilation is needed. Can I use in a small room. Slight odor
How is disinfection achieved
Achieved by coagulation, precipitation or oxidation of proteins of microbial cells. The nature ration of the enzymes of the cells
What are the four different patient chair positions
Upright
Semi upright
Supine
Trendelenburg
Semi upright
Patients with certain types of cardiovascular, respiratory or vertical problems may need this position
Supine
Brain is on the same level as the heart
Trendelenburg
Heart is higher than the head. Feet elevated
Characteristics of neutral patient position
Chair back nearly parallel to the floor for max treatment
Chair back raised slightly for mand treatment
For maxillary arch chin up position angle the head rest up into the back of the patient’s head so nose and chin are level
For mandibular arch chin down position ankle the headrest forward and down so the chin is lower than the nose
Neutral working position
Upper arms parallel to torso
Arms not raised
Shoulders relaxed
Clinicians face 15 to 22 inches from patient
Easy neutral position
Set along side the patient
Position arm against your side
Position your arm crossed at your waist
Lower the patient’s chair until the patient’s open mouth is below the point of your elbow
What are the two types of bacteria that carries cannot occur without
Mutans streptococci
Lactobacillus
Which bacteria is responsible for initiating the carious lesion
Mutans streptococci
Rapidly produces lactic acid
Which bacteria is responsible for the progression of Carrie’s lesion
Lactobacillus
Increase in number as S mutans decreases in numbers
Class one dental caries
Pits in fishers on occlusal buckle and lingual surfaces
Lingual pits of anteriors
Class to dental caries
Extension of CL one lesion into the proximal surfaces of posterior teeth. MO, DO or MOD
Class three dental caries
Inter-proximal services of anterior teeth. Does not involve incisal angle
Class four dental caries
Incisal angle and inter-proximal surfaces of anterior‘s
Class five dental caries
Smooth surface lesion. Cervical third of facial or lingual surface of any tooth
Class six dental caries
Incisally edges of anterior teeth. Cusp tips of posterior teeth
Simple cavity
Involves one tooth surface. Example: occlusal cavity
Compound cavity
Involves two tooth surfaces. Example: mesial occlusal cavity referred to as an MO cavity
Complex cavity
Involves more than two tooth surfaces. Example: mesial-occlusal-distal, referred to as an MOD cavity
Incipient lesion
Subsurface demineralization. White area spot lesion appears with no breakthrough to enamel surface. Can be re-mineralized
Medication that can lead to gingival enlargement
Phenytoin- to control seizures
Cyclosporine- Immuno suppressant for organ transplant patients
Nifedipine- calcium channel blocker to treat angina and ventricular arrhythmia
Terminologies for staging periodontitis
Severity
Complexity
Extent and distribution
Terminologies for grading periodontitis
Primary criteria
Grade modifiers/risk factors
Risk of systemic impact of periodontitis
Biomarkers
Steps to staging and grading the periodontal classification
Step one: initial assessment
Step two: establish stage
Step three: establish grade
Classification of gingivitis
Plaque induced gingivitis
Non-plaque induced gingivitis
Clinical signs of gingivitis
Inflammation, erythema, bleeding, swelling and possible tenderness
Grade modifiers/risk factors for periodontitis
Smoking, diabetes
Modifiable risk factors for periodontal disease
Tobacco use  diabetes Metabolic syndrome Obesity Alcohol consumption Diet Psychological factors Medication
Non-modifiable risk factors
Genetic predisposition
Host response
Osteoporosis
Age
Local factors (dental)
Tooth surface irregularities
Tooth contour
Tooth position
Dental appliances and prostheses
Local factors (gingival)
Position
Size and contour
Effect of mouth breathing
Systemic disease is affecting periodontal health
Diabetes: patient who does not control blood glucose more likely to have more severe periodontal disease
Heart disease, hypertension, hyper glycemia, excess abdominal fat.
MetS: Individuals with metS are 38% more likely to have periodontitis
Obesity and periodontitis
Obese patients risk of periodontal the disease is doubled
Types of cross-contamination
Person-to-person
Person to inanimate object
Inanimate object to person
Essential features for disease transmission
Infectious agent
Reservoir
Port of exit from reservoir
Mode of transmission
Port of entry of the infectious agent into the new host
Susceptible host that does not have immunity to the invading infectious agent
