Fill-in-the-Blank Anti-inflammatory Drugs Flashcards
1
Q
What three parts of the inflammatory process prevent movement of the injured part of the body?
A
SWELLING, PAIN, AND LOSS OF FUNCTION
2
Q
This is the collective name for the substances that produce the clinical signs of inflammation.
A
EICOSANOIDS
3
Q
Name the three eicosanoids
A
PROSTAGLANDINS, LEUKOTRIENES, AND THROMBOXANES
4
Q
Type of anti-inflammatory group to which glucocorticoids or corticosteroid drugs belong.
A
STERIODAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORIES
5
Q
What 2 general types of drugs provide a means to reduce pain or provide pain relief?
A
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS OR OPIOID ANALGESICS
6
Q
These molecules make up the cell membrane
A
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
7
Q
This enzyme breaks down the molecules in the cell membrane when there is cellular trauma.
A
PHOSPHOLIPASE A2
8
Q
Phospholipase converts phospholipids into this compound
A
ARACHIDONIC ACID
9
Q
This enzyme converts arachidonic acid into prostaglandins and thromboxanes
A
CYCLOOXYGENASE (COX)
10
Q
What does lipoxygenase convert arachidonic acid into?
A
LEUKOTRIENES (LT)
11
Q
What does cyclooxygenase convert arachidonic acid into?
A
PROSTAGLANDINS (PG) AND THROMBOXANES (TBx)
12
Q
What enzyme creates leukotrienes?
A
LIPOXYGENASE (LOX)
13
Q
These are pain receptors
A
NOCICEPTORS
14
Q
What is the target site for corticosteroid drugs in the arachidonic acid pathway?
A
PHOSPHOLIPASE A2
15
Q
What is (are) the target site(s) for NSAIDs in the arachidonic acid pathway?
A
CYCLOOXYGENASE (COX) AND LIPOXYGENASE (LOX)
16
Q
The steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex are collectively called this.
A
ADRENOCORTICOSTERIODS
17
Q
This type of corticosteroid regulates electrolytes and water balance.
A
MINERALOCORTICOID
18
Q
This type of corticosteroid has anti-inflammatory properties.
A
GLUCOCORTICOID
19
Q
Glucocorticoids produce anti-inflammatory effects by blocking what?
A
PHOSPHOLIPASE A2
20
Q
This is the mineralocorticoid drug used in veterinary medicine.
A
DESOXYCORTICOSTERONE
21
Q
What disease is desoxycorticosterone used to treat?
A
HYPOADRENOCORTICISM = ADDISON’S DISEASE
22
Q
Another name for Addison’s disease.
A
HYPOADRENOCORTICISM
23
Q
Another name for Cushing’s disease.
A
HYPERADRENOCORTICISM
24
Q
The body’s natural mineralocorticoid hormone.
A
ALDOSTERONE
25
What ion does aldosterone retain in the body?
SODIUM (NA+)
26
What is the body’s natural glucocorticoid hormone?
CORTISOL
27
What hormone is released from the pituitary gland that stimulates the adrenal cortex?
ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE (ACTH)
28
What hormone is released by the hypothalamus to stimulate the pituitary gland and eventually results in increased cortisol?
CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE (CRH) = CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING FACTOR (CRF)
29
What releases ACTH?
PITUITARY GLAND
30
What gland does ACTH stimulate?
ADRENAL GLAND
31
What is released by ACTH stimulation?
CORTISOL
32
What released CRF?
HYPOTHALAMUS
33
What gland does CRF stimulate?
PITUITARY GLAND
34
What is released by CRF stimulation?
ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE (ACTH)
35
What effect does cortisol have on CRF and ACTH release?
```
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK (SHUTS DOWN CRF [HYPOTHALAMUS] AND ACTH [PITUITARY
GLAND] RELEASE)
```
36
What is the short-acting glucocorticoid drug used in medicine?
HYDROCORTISONE
37
Cortisone is converted by the liver to this.
HYDROCORTISONE
38
Name the 4 intermediate-acting glucocorticoid drugs.
PREDNISONE, PREDNISOLONE, METHYLPREDNISOLONE, TRIAMCINOLONE
39
Name the 3 long-acting glucocorticoid drugs.
DEXAMETHASONE, BETAMETHASONE, FLUMETHASONE
40
“Sodium phosphate” added to the name of a glucocorticoid drug indicates it is what dosage form?
AQUEOUS SOLUTION
41
The name of the glucocorticoid drug without any additional words attached to the name is what dosage form?
ALCOHOL SOLUTION
42
Prednisolone acetate is what dosage form of glucocorticoid drug?
SUSPENSION
43
List the four dosages used in administering glucocorticoids from lowest to highest dosage.
PHYSIOLOGICAL DOSAGE, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DOSAGE, IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE DOSAGE, SHOCK
DOSAGE
44
This term means the dosage administered achieves drug concentrations higher than what could be produced by the body under normal conditions.
SUPRAPHYSIOLOGICAL
45
What glucocorticoid dosage level is used to control allergies, hives, or inflammation associated with injury?
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DOSAGE
46
Inhibition of synthesis of what body substances by glucocorticoids can delay tissue healing?
COLLAGEN FIBER
47
What lymphocytes are associated with cell-mediated immunity?
T-LYMPHOCYTE = T-CELL
48
What lymphocytes produce antibodies?
B-LYMPHOCYTE = B-CELL
49
What lymphocytes are associated with humoral immunity?
B-LYMPHOCYTE
50
Fungal infections can be made worse due to glucocorticoid suppression of what type of immunity?
CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY (CMI)
51
At anti-inflammatory doses of glucocorticoids, what type of lymphocyte is largely unaffected?
B-LYMPHOCYTE
52
What cell type listed on the CBC increases under the effect of glucocorticoid drugs?
NEUTROPHIL
53
What cell type on the CBC decreases and is characteristic of a glucocorticoid stress response seen in dogs?
LYMPHOCYTE AND EOSINOPHIL
54
The use of NSAIDs and glucocorticoids together markedly increases the risk for what?
GASTRITIS AND ULCER
55
This term means to “break down” as in the way glucocorticoids break down protein to amino acids.
CATABOLIC
56
For what condition in the eye are glucocorticoids contraindicated?
CORNEAL ULCER
57
This is the thin inner membrane of the cornea.
DESCEMET'S MEMBRANE
58
This is a protrusion of the inner membrane of the cornea through the hole created by the ulcer.
DESCEMETOCELE
59
This is the process by which the liver converts amino acids into glucose.
GLUCOEOGENESIS
60
This means increased water drinking.
POLYDIPSIA
61
This means increased urinating.
POLYURIA
62
This means an increased appetite.
POLYPHAGIA
63
Another name for hyperadrenocorticism.
CUSHING'S DISEASE
64
Another name for hypoadrenocorticism.
ADDISON'S DISEASE
65
A term that means “caused by the doctor”.
IATROGENIC
66
Arachidonic acid is converted by what to prostaglandins and thromboxanes?
CYCLOOXYGENASE (COX)
67
What does lipoxygenase convert?
ARACHIDONIC ACID TO LEUKOTRIENES (LT)
68
What enzymes are typically blocked by NSAIDs?
CYCLOOXYGENASE (COX) AND LIPOXYGENASE (LOX)
69
What is another word for a selective COX 2 inhibitor?
COXIB
70
The phenomenon by which pain transmission up the spinal cord becomes easier over time is called this. (2 terms)
CENTRAL SENSITIZATION = WIND UP
71
This means low amounts of protein in the blood.
HYPOPROTEINEMIA
72
This term means “disease of the intestine”.
ENTEROPATHY
73
This term means “disease of the kidney”.
NEPHROPATHY
74
This term means the vomiting of blood.
HEMATEMESIS
75
This is the term that described digested blood in the stool.
MELENA
76
Means “decreased blood pressure”.
HYPOTENSION
77
These are the tips of the renal pyramids where renal collecting tubules come together to dump urine into the renal pelvis
RENAL PAPILLA
78
This is the opening inside the kidney where urine collects and is passed to the ureter.
RENAL PELVIS
79
This is the kidney problem that develops when NSAIDs are used in an animal that is also hypotensive.
RENAL PAPILLARY NECROSIS
80
This means a drug reaction cannot be predicted to occur based on dose or any other identifiable factors.
IDIOSYNCRATIC
81
Name the three Classic NSAIDs.
FLUNIXIN MEGLUMINE, ASPIRIN (SALICYCLATE), PHENYLBUTAZONE
82
What enzyme normally activates platelets and makes them clump together?
THROMBOXANE (TBX)-A2
83
This is the cardiac disease for which aspirin is used to decrease clot formation.
FELINE HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY
84
This is a clot, fat, air or any object that is floating in the bloodstream.
EMBOLUS
85
This is a clot attached to a site within the vasculature.
THROMBUS
86
This type of clot forms specifically in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
SADDLE THROMBUS
87
This enzyme conjugates aspirin with other molecules.
GLUCURONYL TRANSFERASE
88
This is another term for the chemical aspirin.
SALICYLATE
89
These are the two molecule types that are conjugated with aspirin.
GLYCINE AND GLUCURONIC ACID
90
This is the organ that conjugates molecules.
LIVER
91
Cats are limited in what three things that would normally metabolize salicylates?
GLUCURONYL TRANSFERASE, GLYCINE, AND GLUCURONIC ACID
92
Flunixin meglumine should not be given to horses with this condition.
EQUINE GASTRIC ULCER SYNDROME (EGUS)
93
This is anemia caused by the bone marrow being wiped out.
APLASTIC ANEMIA
94
This short-hand term refers to any drug that is a selective COX 2 inhibitor.
COXIB
95
This term means that which patient will experience a toxic drug effect cannot be predicted based on dose or other factors.
IDIOSYNCRATIC
96
This term means “dry eye”.
KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA
97
This term describes a drug that decreases fever.
ANTIPYRETIC
98
These are two types of damaging radical molecules.
SUPEROXIDE AND HYDROXYL RADICALS
99
This means “protects cartilage”.
CHONDROPROTECTIVE
100
This is a type of drug that is actually classified as a food supplement and not regulated in the same way as other FDA regulated drugs.
NUTRACEUTICAL
101
Name four chondroprotective agents used in veterinary medicine.
POLYSULFATED GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS (PSGAGs), HYALURONIC ACID OR HYALURONATE SODIUM, GLUCOSAMINE AND CHONDROITIN SULFATE
102
Large and complex molecule found in normal joint cartilage and used as a chondroprotective agent.
PSGAGs (ADEQUAN)
103
Term for cartilage cells.
CHONDROCYTES
104
Fluid found in the joint.
SYNOVIAL FLUID
105
Two precursors for PSGAGs that are also chondroprotective nutraceuticals.
GLUCOSAMINE AND CHONDROITIN SULFATE
106
Enzyme that produces cell chemicals that stimulate the itch response.
JANUS KINASE (JAK)
107
Form of hemoglobin that is less capable of carrying oxygen and causes the blood to take on a brownish/dark red color
MET-HEMOGLOBIN (MET-Hgb)
108
The antidote for acetaminophen toxicosis.
ACETYLCYSTEINE (MUCOMUST)
109
This is what the antidote for acetaminophen toxicosis provides that converts the acetaminophen toxic metabolite to a non-toxic metabolite.
SULFHYDRYL GROUP
110
Identify the drug: Called a salicylate
ASPIRIN
111
Identify the drug: Old, classic equine and bovine NSAID for treatment of lameness and musculoskeletal inflammation; don’t use in dogs because of hepatotoxic risk.
PHENYLBUTAZONE
112
Identify the drug: Classic equine NSAID that if given to dogs is very, very likely to produce hemorrhagic gastritis within 3 days of treatment.
FLUNIXIN MEGLUMINE
113
Identify the drug: Name six selective COX 2 inhibitor NSAIDs.
CARPROFEN (RIMADYL), ETODOLAC, DERACOXIB (DERAMAXX), MELOXICAM (METACAM), FIROCOXIB (PREVICOX, EQUIOXX),
ROBENACOXIB (ONSIOR)
114
Identify the drug: This antiinflammatory that is not an NSAID smells like rotten eggs.
DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE (DMSO)
115
Identify the drug: First selective COX 2 inhibitor NSAID approved for use in veterinary medicine; was associated with hepatotoxicity.
CARPROFEN (RIMADYL)
116
Identify the drug: Not an NSAID; antipyretic human product; does not cause stomach ulcers because does not inhibit COX enzymes in the periphery only in the CNS.
ACETAMINOPHEN
117
Identify the drug: NSAID that produces aplastic anemia in dogs and humans.
PHENYLBUTAZONE
118
Identify the drug: Decreases production of body chemicals that would normally cause nerves to create an itching sensation.
JANUS KINASE (JAK) INHIBITOR
119
Identify the drug: Used to prevent clots in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
ASPIRIN (SALICYLATE)
120
Identify the drug: Selective COX 2 inhibitor NSAID that was initially developed for use in cats but has since been approved for use in dogs also.
ROBENACOXIB (ONSIOR)
121
Identify the drug: Produces met-hemoglobinemia in cats and jaundice in dogs.
ACETAMINOPHEN
122
Identify the drug: Name 3 chondroprotective agents.
POLYSULFATED GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS (PSGAGs), HYALURONIC ACID OR HYALURONATE SODIUM, GLUCOSAMINE AND CHONDROITIN SULFATE
123
Identify the drug: Classic NSAID stronger analgesia than aspirin and may mask colic signs if given to horses with colic.
FLUNIXIN MEGLUMINE
124
Identify the drug: Chondroprotective agent that increases the viscosity of the joint fluid for better joint lubrication.
HYALURONIC ACID (HA) OR HYALURONATE SODIUM
125
Identify the drug: Administered by injectable or as a topical drug that penetrates the skin very readily and can carry drugs or substances on the skin into the body.
DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE (DMSO)
126
Identify the drug: Should not be given to horses with Equine Gastric Ulcer syndrome.
FLUNIXIN MEGLUMINE
127
Identify the drug: Janus Kinase inhibitor.
OCLACITINIB (APOQUEL)
128
Identify the drug: 1 “extra strength” size tablet of this drug can kill an average-sized cat.
ACETAMINOPHEN
129
Identify the drug: Chondroprotective agent that mimics the complex molecules of the joint cartilage and stimulates new chondrocyte generation.
POLYSULFATED GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS (PSGAGs) = ADEQUAN
130
Identify the drug: Selective COX 2 inhibitor NSAID that can produce KCS.
ETODOLAC
131
Identify the drug: Classic NSAID available in oral and IV injectable forms; but, don’t give IM or SQ as it can cause skin necrosis and sloughing.
PHENYLBUTAZONE
132
Identify the drug: Nutraceutical chondroprotective agents that are precursors for PSGAGs.
GLUCOSAMINE AND CHONDROITIN SULFATE
133
Identify the drug: Is metabolized to a toxic intermediate that, in cats, cannot be readily converted further to a non-toxic metabolite.
ACETAMINOPHEN
134
Identify the drug: Use good quality gloves if applying this antiinflammatory drug topically; is not a COX inhibitor drug.
DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE (DMSO)
135
Identify the drug: Specifically an antipruritic drug, not an anti-inflammatory drug.
OCLACITINIB (APOQUEL)
136
Identify the drug: Two non-specific human NSAID that behaves so unpredictably that they should not be used to treat inflammation in dogs; some approved large animal equine forms exist.
IBUPROFEN AND NAPROXEN
137
Identify the drug: Inactivates or traps destructive free radicals.
DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE (DMSO)
138
Identify the drug: Antidote for acetaminophen toxicosis.
ACETYLCYSTEINE (MUCOMYST)
139
Is this the result of COX 1 or COX 2 activity?: Produces prostaglandins involved in normal physiological process.
COX 1
140
Is this the result of COX 1 or COX 2 activity?: Produces prostaglandins that produce the clinical signs of inflammation.
COX 2
141
Is this the result of COX 1 or COX 2 activity?: This enzyme is activated and increased in response to the presence of cellular trauma.
COX 2
142
Is this the result of COX 1 or COX 2 activity?: For the most part, this enzyme is only found in tissues that are injured.
COX 2
143
Is this the result of COX 1 or COX 2 activity?: This enzyme is always present in normal physiological tissue.
COX 1
144
Is this the result of COX 1 or COX 2 activity?: Produces prostaglandins that increase stomach mucus and bicarbonate buffer secretion.
COX 1
145
Is this the result of COX 1 or COX 2 activity?: Produces prostaglandins that increase gastric cell turnover.
COX 1
146
Is this the result of COX 1 or COX 2 activity?: Prostaglandins produced by this enzyme increase the perfusion of the stomach wall.
COX 1
147
Is this the result of COX 1 or COX 2 activity?: Produces prostaglandins that increase pain, redness, swelling, and loss of function.
COX 2
148
Is this the result of COX 1 or COX 2 activity?: Produces prostaglandins that cause renal vasodilation under conditions of hypotension.
COX 1
