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PHARMACOLOGY 2 Vet Tech > Fill-in-the-Blank Anti-inflammatory Drugs > Flashcards

Fill-in-the-Blank Anti-inflammatory Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

What three parts of the inflammatory process prevent movement of the injured part of the body?

A

SWELLING, PAIN, AND LOSS OF FUNCTION

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2
Q

This is the collective name for the substances that produce the clinical signs of inflammation.

A

EICOSANOIDS

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3
Q

Name the three eicosanoids

A

PROSTAGLANDINS, LEUKOTRIENES, AND THROMBOXANES

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4
Q

Type of anti-inflammatory group to which glucocorticoids or corticosteroid drugs belong.

A

STERIODAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORIES

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5
Q

What 2 general types of drugs provide a means to reduce pain or provide pain relief?

A

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS OR OPIOID ANALGESICS

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6
Q

These molecules make up the cell membrane

A

PHOSPHOLIPIDS

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7
Q

This enzyme breaks down the molecules in the cell membrane when there is cellular trauma.

A

PHOSPHOLIPASE A2

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8
Q

Phospholipase converts phospholipids into this compound

A

ARACHIDONIC ACID

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9
Q

This enzyme converts arachidonic acid into prostaglandins and thromboxanes

A

CYCLOOXYGENASE (COX)

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10
Q

What does lipoxygenase convert arachidonic acid into?

A

LEUKOTRIENES (LT)

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11
Q

What does cyclooxygenase convert arachidonic acid into?

A

PROSTAGLANDINS (PG) AND THROMBOXANES (TBx)

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12
Q

What enzyme creates leukotrienes?

A

LIPOXYGENASE (LOX)

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13
Q

These are pain receptors

A

NOCICEPTORS

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14
Q

What is the target site for corticosteroid drugs in the arachidonic acid pathway?

A

PHOSPHOLIPASE A2

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15
Q

What is (are) the target site(s) for NSAIDs in the arachidonic acid pathway?

A

CYCLOOXYGENASE (COX) AND LIPOXYGENASE (LOX)

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16
Q

The steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex are collectively called this.

A

ADRENOCORTICOSTERIODS

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17
Q

This type of corticosteroid regulates electrolytes and water balance.

A

MINERALOCORTICOID

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18
Q

This type of corticosteroid has anti-inflammatory properties.

A

GLUCOCORTICOID

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19
Q

Glucocorticoids produce anti-inflammatory effects by blocking what?

A

PHOSPHOLIPASE A2

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20
Q

This is the mineralocorticoid drug used in veterinary medicine.

A

DESOXYCORTICOSTERONE

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21
Q

What disease is desoxycorticosterone used to treat?

A

HYPOADRENOCORTICISM = ADDISON’S DISEASE

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22
Q

Another name for Addison’s disease.

A

HYPOADRENOCORTICISM

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23
Q

Another name for Cushing’s disease.

A

HYPERADRENOCORTICISM

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24
Q

The body’s natural mineralocorticoid hormone.

A

ALDOSTERONE

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25
Q

What ion does aldosterone retain in the body?

A

SODIUM (NA+)

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26
Q

What is the body’s natural glucocorticoid hormone?

A

CORTISOL

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27
Q

What hormone is released from the pituitary gland that stimulates the adrenal cortex?

A

ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE (ACTH)

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28
Q

What hormone is released by the hypothalamus to stimulate the pituitary gland and eventually results in increased cortisol?

A

CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE (CRH) = CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING FACTOR (CRF)

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29
Q

What releases ACTH?

A

PITUITARY GLAND

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30
Q

What gland does ACTH stimulate?

A

ADRENAL GLAND

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31
Q

What is released by ACTH stimulation?

A

CORTISOL

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32
Q

What released CRF?

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

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33
Q

What gland does CRF stimulate?

A

PITUITARY GLAND

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34
Q

What is released by CRF stimulation?

A

ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE (ACTH)

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35
Q

What effect does cortisol have on CRF and ACTH release?

A 
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK (SHUTS DOWN CRF [HYPOTHALAMUS] AND ACTH [PITUITARY
GLAND] RELEASE)
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36
Q

What is the short-acting glucocorticoid drug used in medicine?

A

HYDROCORTISONE

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37
Q

Cortisone is converted by the liver to this.

A

HYDROCORTISONE

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38
Q

Name the 4 intermediate-acting glucocorticoid drugs.

A

PREDNISONE, PREDNISOLONE, METHYLPREDNISOLONE, TRIAMCINOLONE

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39
Q

Name the 3 long-acting glucocorticoid drugs.

A

DEXAMETHASONE, BETAMETHASONE, FLUMETHASONE

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40
Q

“Sodium phosphate” added to the name of a glucocorticoid drug indicates it is what dosage form?

A

AQUEOUS SOLUTION

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41
Q

The name of the glucocorticoid drug without any additional words attached to the name is what dosage form?

A

ALCOHOL SOLUTION

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42
Q

Prednisolone acetate is what dosage form of glucocorticoid drug?

A

SUSPENSION

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43
Q

List the four dosages used in administering glucocorticoids from lowest to highest dosage.

A

PHYSIOLOGICAL DOSAGE, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DOSAGE, IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE DOSAGE, SHOCK
DOSAGE

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44
Q

This term means the dosage administered achieves drug concentrations higher than what could be produced by the body under normal conditions.

A

SUPRAPHYSIOLOGICAL

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45
Q

What glucocorticoid dosage level is used to control allergies, hives, or inflammation associated with injury?

A

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DOSAGE

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46
Q

Inhibition of synthesis of what body substances by glucocorticoids can delay tissue healing?

A

COLLAGEN FIBER

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47
Q

What lymphocytes are associated with cell-mediated immunity?

A

T-LYMPHOCYTE = T-CELL

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48
Q

What lymphocytes produce antibodies?

A

B-LYMPHOCYTE = B-CELL

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49
Q

What lymphocytes are associated with humoral immunity?

A

B-LYMPHOCYTE

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50
Q

Fungal infections can be made worse due to glucocorticoid suppression of what type of immunity?

A

CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY (CMI)

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51
Q

At anti-inflammatory doses of glucocorticoids, what type of lymphocyte is largely unaffected?

A

B-LYMPHOCYTE

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52
Q

What cell type listed on the CBC increases under the effect of glucocorticoid drugs?

A

NEUTROPHIL

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53
Q

What cell type on the CBC decreases and is characteristic of a glucocorticoid stress response seen in dogs?

A

LYMPHOCYTE AND EOSINOPHIL

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54
Q

The use of NSAIDs and glucocorticoids together markedly increases the risk for what?

A

GASTRITIS AND ULCER

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55
Q

This term means to “break down” as in the way glucocorticoids break down protein to amino acids.

A

CATABOLIC

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56
Q

For what condition in the eye are glucocorticoids contraindicated?

A

CORNEAL ULCER

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57
Q

This is the thin inner membrane of the cornea.

A

DESCEMET’S MEMBRANE

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58
Q

This is a protrusion of the inner membrane of the cornea through the hole created by the ulcer.

A

DESCEMETOCELE

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59
Q

This is the process by which the liver converts amino acids into glucose.

A

GLUCOEOGENESIS

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60
Q

This means increased water drinking.

A

POLYDIPSIA

61
Q

This means increased urinating.

A

POLYURIA

62
Q

This means an increased appetite.

A

POLYPHAGIA

63
Q

Another name for hyperadrenocorticism.

A

CUSHING’S DISEASE

64
Q

Another name for hypoadrenocorticism.

A

ADDISON’S DISEASE

65
Q

A term that means “caused by the doctor”.

A

IATROGENIC

66
Q

Arachidonic acid is converted by what to prostaglandins and thromboxanes?

A

CYCLOOXYGENASE (COX)

67
Q

What does lipoxygenase convert?

A

ARACHIDONIC ACID TO LEUKOTRIENES (LT)

68
Q

What enzymes are typically blocked by NSAIDs?

A

CYCLOOXYGENASE (COX) AND LIPOXYGENASE (LOX)

69
Q

What is another word for a selective COX 2 inhibitor?

A

COXIB

70
Q

The phenomenon by which pain transmission up the spinal cord becomes easier over time is called this. (2 terms)

A

CENTRAL SENSITIZATION = WIND UP

71
Q

This means low amounts of protein in the blood.

A

HYPOPROTEINEMIA

72
Q

This term means “disease of the intestine”.

A

ENTEROPATHY

73
Q

This term means “disease of the kidney”.

A

NEPHROPATHY

74
Q

This term means the vomiting of blood.

A

HEMATEMESIS

75
Q

This is the term that described digested blood in the stool.

A

MELENA

76
Q

Means “decreased blood pressure”.

A

HYPOTENSION

77
Q

These are the tips of the renal pyramids where renal collecting tubules come together to dump urine into the renal pelvis

A

RENAL PAPILLA

78
Q

This is the opening inside the kidney where urine collects and is passed to the ureter.

A

RENAL PELVIS

79
Q

This is the kidney problem that develops when NSAIDs are used in an animal that is also hypotensive.

A

RENAL PAPILLARY NECROSIS

80
Q

This means a drug reaction cannot be predicted to occur based on dose or any other identifiable factors.

A

IDIOSYNCRATIC

81
Q

Name the three Classic NSAIDs.

A

FLUNIXIN MEGLUMINE, ASPIRIN (SALICYCLATE), PHENYLBUTAZONE

82
Q

What enzyme normally activates platelets and makes them clump together?

A

THROMBOXANE (TBX)-A2

83
Q

This is the cardiac disease for which aspirin is used to decrease clot formation.

A

FELINE HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY

84
Q

This is a clot, fat, air or any object that is floating in the bloodstream.

A

EMBOLUS

85
Q

This is a clot attached to a site within the vasculature.

A

THROMBUS

86
Q

This type of clot forms specifically in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

A

SADDLE THROMBUS

87
Q

This enzyme conjugates aspirin with other molecules.

A

GLUCURONYL TRANSFERASE

88
Q

This is another term for the chemical aspirin.

A

SALICYLATE

89
Q

These are the two molecule types that are conjugated with aspirin.

A

GLYCINE AND GLUCURONIC ACID

90
Q

This is the organ that conjugates molecules.

A

LIVER

91
Q

Cats are limited in what three things that would normally metabolize salicylates?

A

GLUCURONYL TRANSFERASE, GLYCINE, AND GLUCURONIC ACID

92
Q

Flunixin meglumine should not be given to horses with this condition.

A

EQUINE GASTRIC ULCER SYNDROME (EGUS)

93
Q

This is anemia caused by the bone marrow being wiped out.

A

APLASTIC ANEMIA

94
Q

This short-hand term refers to any drug that is a selective COX 2 inhibitor.

A

COXIB

95
Q

This term means that which patient will experience a toxic drug effect cannot be predicted based on dose or other factors.

A

IDIOSYNCRATIC

96
Q

This term means “dry eye”.

A

KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA

97
Q

This term describes a drug that decreases fever.

A

ANTIPYRETIC

98
Q

These are two types of damaging radical molecules.

A

SUPEROXIDE AND HYDROXYL RADICALS

99
Q

This means “protects cartilage”.

A

CHONDROPROTECTIVE

100
Q

This is a type of drug that is actually classified as a food supplement and not regulated in the same way as other FDA regulated drugs.

A

NUTRACEUTICAL

101
Q

Name four chondroprotective agents used in veterinary medicine.

A

POLYSULFATED GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS (PSGAGs), HYALURONIC ACID OR HYALURONATE SODIUM, GLUCOSAMINE AND CHONDROITIN SULFATE

102
Q

Large and complex molecule found in normal joint cartilage and used as a chondroprotective agent.

A

PSGAGs (ADEQUAN)

103
Q

Term for cartilage cells.

A

CHONDROCYTES

104
Q

Fluid found in the joint.

A

SYNOVIAL FLUID

105
Q

Two precursors for PSGAGs that are also chondroprotective nutraceuticals.

A

GLUCOSAMINE AND CHONDROITIN SULFATE

106
Q

Enzyme that produces cell chemicals that stimulate the itch response.

A

JANUS KINASE (JAK)

107
Q

Form of hemoglobin that is less capable of carrying oxygen and causes the blood to take on a brownish/dark red color

A

MET-HEMOGLOBIN (MET-Hgb)

108
Q

The antidote for acetaminophen toxicosis.

A

ACETYLCYSTEINE (MUCOMUST)

109
Q

This is what the antidote for acetaminophen toxicosis provides that converts the acetaminophen toxic metabolite to a non-toxic metabolite.

A

SULFHYDRYL GROUP

110
Q

Identify the drug: Called a salicylate

A

ASPIRIN

111
Q

Identify the drug: Old, classic equine and bovine NSAID for treatment of lameness and musculoskeletal inflammation; don’t use in dogs because of hepatotoxic risk.

A

PHENYLBUTAZONE

112
Q

Identify the drug: Classic equine NSAID that if given to dogs is very, very likely to produce hemorrhagic gastritis within 3 days of treatment.

A

FLUNIXIN MEGLUMINE

113
Q

Identify the drug: Name six selective COX 2 inhibitor NSAIDs.

A

CARPROFEN (RIMADYL), ETODOLAC, DERACOXIB (DERAMAXX), MELOXICAM (METACAM), FIROCOXIB (PREVICOX, EQUIOXX),
ROBENACOXIB (ONSIOR)

114
Q

Identify the drug: This antiinflammatory that is not an NSAID smells like rotten eggs.

A

DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE (DMSO)

115
Q

Identify the drug: First selective COX 2 inhibitor NSAID approved for use in veterinary medicine; was associated with hepatotoxicity.

A

CARPROFEN (RIMADYL)

116
Q

Identify the drug: Not an NSAID; antipyretic human product; does not cause stomach ulcers because does not inhibit COX enzymes in the periphery only in the CNS.

A

ACETAMINOPHEN

117
Q

Identify the drug: NSAID that produces aplastic anemia in dogs and humans.

A

PHENYLBUTAZONE

118
Q

Identify the drug: Decreases production of body chemicals that would normally cause nerves to create an itching sensation.

A

JANUS KINASE (JAK) INHIBITOR

119
Q

Identify the drug: Used to prevent clots in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

A

ASPIRIN (SALICYLATE)

120
Q

Identify the drug: Selective COX 2 inhibitor NSAID that was initially developed for use in cats but has since been approved for use in dogs also.

A

ROBENACOXIB (ONSIOR)

121
Q

Identify the drug: Produces met-hemoglobinemia in cats and jaundice in dogs.

A

ACETAMINOPHEN

122
Q

Identify the drug: Name 3 chondroprotective agents.

A

POLYSULFATED GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS (PSGAGs), HYALURONIC ACID OR HYALURONATE SODIUM, GLUCOSAMINE AND CHONDROITIN SULFATE

123
Q

Identify the drug: Classic NSAID stronger analgesia than aspirin and may mask colic signs if given to horses with colic.

A

FLUNIXIN MEGLUMINE

124
Q

Identify the drug: Chondroprotective agent that increases the viscosity of the joint fluid for better joint lubrication.

A

HYALURONIC ACID (HA) OR HYALURONATE SODIUM

125
Q

Identify the drug: Administered by injectable or as a topical drug that penetrates the skin very readily and can carry drugs or substances on the skin into the body.

A

DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE (DMSO)

126
Q

Identify the drug: Should not be given to horses with Equine Gastric Ulcer syndrome.

A

FLUNIXIN MEGLUMINE

127
Q

Identify the drug: Janus Kinase inhibitor.

A

OCLACITINIB (APOQUEL)

128
Q

Identify the drug: 1 “extra strength” size tablet of this drug can kill an average-sized cat.

A

ACETAMINOPHEN

129
Q

Identify the drug: Chondroprotective agent that mimics the complex molecules of the joint cartilage and stimulates new chondrocyte generation.

A

POLYSULFATED GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS (PSGAGs) = ADEQUAN

130
Q

Identify the drug: Selective COX 2 inhibitor NSAID that can produce KCS.

A

ETODOLAC

131
Q

Identify the drug: Classic NSAID available in oral and IV injectable forms; but, don’t give IM or SQ as it can cause skin necrosis and sloughing.

A

PHENYLBUTAZONE

132
Q

Identify the drug: Nutraceutical chondroprotective agents that are precursors for PSGAGs.

A

GLUCOSAMINE AND CHONDROITIN SULFATE

133
Q

Identify the drug: Is metabolized to a toxic intermediate that, in cats, cannot be readily converted further to a non-toxic metabolite.

A

ACETAMINOPHEN

134
Q

Identify the drug: Use good quality gloves if applying this antiinflammatory drug topically; is not a COX inhibitor drug.

A

DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE (DMSO)

135
Q

Identify the drug: Specifically an antipruritic drug, not an anti-inflammatory drug.

A

OCLACITINIB (APOQUEL)

136
Q

Identify the drug: Two non-specific human NSAID that behaves so unpredictably that they should not be used to treat inflammation in dogs; some approved large animal equine forms exist.

A

IBUPROFEN AND NAPROXEN

137
Q

Identify the drug: Inactivates or traps destructive free radicals.

A

DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE (DMSO)

138
Q

Identify the drug: Antidote for acetaminophen toxicosis.

A

ACETYLCYSTEINE (MUCOMYST)

139
Q

Is this the result of COX 1 or COX 2 activity?: Produces prostaglandins involved in normal physiological process.

A

COX 1

140
Q

Is this the result of COX 1 or COX 2 activity?: Produces prostaglandins that produce the clinical signs of inflammation.

A

COX 2

141
Q

Is this the result of COX 1 or COX 2 activity?: This enzyme is activated and increased in response to the presence of cellular trauma.

A

COX 2

142
Q

Is this the result of COX 1 or COX 2 activity?: For the most part, this enzyme is only found in tissues that are injured.

A

COX 2

143
Q

Is this the result of COX 1 or COX 2 activity?: This enzyme is always present in normal physiological tissue.

A

COX 1

144
Q

Is this the result of COX 1 or COX 2 activity?: Produces prostaglandins that increase stomach mucus and bicarbonate buffer secretion.

A

COX 1

145
Q

Is this the result of COX 1 or COX 2 activity?: Produces prostaglandins that increase gastric cell turnover.

A

COX 1

146
Q

Is this the result of COX 1 or COX 2 activity?: Prostaglandins produced by this enzyme increase the perfusion of the stomach wall.

A

COX 1

147
Q

Is this the result of COX 1 or COX 2 activity?: Produces prostaglandins that increase pain, redness, swelling, and loss of function.

A

COX 2

148
Q

Is this the result of COX 1 or COX 2 activity?: Produces prostaglandins that cause renal vasodilation under conditions of hypotension.

A

COX 1

PHARMACOLOGY 2 Vet Tech (8 decks)

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