Aditional Questions -- Anti-Inflammatories Flashcards
When tissue is traumatized, substances collectively called ______ are produced.
eicosanoids
List the 3 eicosanoids of concern in Vet Med.
prostaglandins
leukotrienes
thromboxanes
_________ are substances that produce the physical changes we associate with inflammation (pain, swelling, redness, etc)
eicosanoids
(prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes)
Explain how the Arachidonic Acid pathway produces eicosanoids.
Anti-inflammatory drugs work by __________ eicosanoids.
blocking the formation of eicosanoids
The abbreviation COX stands for __________________
cyclooxygenase (enzyme)
The abbreviation LOX stands for ____________.
lipoxygenase (enzyme)
COX works on Arachidonic Acid to produce __________.
prostaglandins & thromboxanes
LOX works on Arachidonic Acid to produce ___________.
leukotrienes
What part of the Arachidonic Acid pathway do NSAIDs inhibit?
inhibit the COX and LOX enzymes
What part of the Arachidonic Acid pathway do corticosteroid anti-inflammatory drugs work on?
inhibit Phospholipase A2 (enzyme)
What is the full name for “steroids” or “corticosteroids”?
adrenocorticosteroids
What are the 2 subgroups of corticosteroids? What do they do?
mineralocorticoids
(regulate water & electrolyte balance, NO anti-inflammatory effects)
glucocorticoids
(anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting Phospholipase A2)
What is the body’s natural mineralocorticoid?
aldosterone
What is the body’s natural glucocorticoid?
cortisol
What gland/complex releases cortisol in the body?
adrenal complex
What is the only mineralocorticoid drug used in Vet Med? What does it treat?
desoxycorticosterone
(treats Addison’s disease, aka hypoadrenocorticism)
What is the mechanism for desoxycorticosterone’s effect?
(Similar to the mechanism of aldosterone.)
increases the reabsorption of sodium from urine. reabsorption of sodium also osmotically pulls water with it, thus increasing blood volume (& workload n the heart)
In the body’s cortisol cycle, what structure releases corticotropin-releasing factor/corticotropin-releasing hormone?
hypothalamus
In the body’s cortisol cycle, what structure releases Adrenocorticotropic Hormone? (ACTH)
pituitary gland
In the body’s cortisol cycle, what structure releases cortisol?
adrenal glands
In the body’s cortisol cycle, what structure does Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/Corticotropin-Releasing Factor stimulate? What does it do?
stimulates pituitary gland
to release Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
In the body’s cortisol cycle, what structure does Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) stimulate? What does it do?
stimulates the adrenal glands
to produce cortisol
what does the suffix -tropic mean?
attracted to
In the body’s cortisol cycle, the presence of cortisol provides negative feedback to the ________ and the _______.
hypothalamus (decreasing release of CRF/CRH)
&
pituitary gland (decreasing release of ACTH)
Do exogenous glucocorticoids encourage or reduce the body’s natural cortisol production?
reduce (provide negative feedback into cortisol cycle)
Glucocorticoids have 3 types, based on the duration of action. What are they?
short-acting (<12 hr)
intermediate-acting (12-36 hr)
long-acting (48+ hours)
Cortisol is activated by the liver into ________, its active form.
hydrocortisone
What is the 1 short-acting glucocorticoid (used in human medicine, not much used in Vet Med)?
hydrocortisone (used topically in human medicine)
What are the 4 intermediate-acting glucocorticoids used in Vet Med?
prednisone
methylprednisone
prednisolone
triamcinolone
Prednisone is converted by the liver in ________, its active form.
prednisolone
In cats, who are (better/worse) at metabolizing prednisone than dogs, the prednisone dose is (higher/lower/the same as) the prednisolone dose.
worse at metabolizing –> higher dose of prednisone
