Aditional Questions -- Anti-Inflammatories

Question 1

When tissue is traumatized, substances collectively called ______ are produced.

Answer 1

eicosanoids

Question 2

List the 3 eicosanoids of concern in Vet Med.

Answer 2

prostaglandins

leukotrienes

thromboxanes

Question 3

_________ are substances that produce the physical changes we associate with inflammation (pain, swelling, redness, etc)

Answer 3

eicosanoids

(prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes)

Question 4

Explain how the Arachidonic Acid pathway produces eicosanoids.

Answer 4

Question 5

Anti-inflammatory drugs work by __________ eicosanoids.

Answer 5

blocking the formation of eicosanoids

Question 6

The abbreviation COX stands for __________________

Answer 6

cyclooxygenase (enzyme)

Question 7

The abbreviation LOX stands for ____________.

Answer 7

lipoxygenase (enzyme)

Question 8

COX works on Arachidonic Acid to produce __________.

Answer 8

prostaglandins & thromboxanes

Question 9

LOX works on Arachidonic Acid to produce ___________.

Answer 9

leukotrienes

Question 10

What part of the Arachidonic Acid pathway do NSAIDs inhibit?

Answer 10

inhibit the COX and LOX enzymes

Question 11

What part of the Arachidonic Acid pathway do corticosteroid anti-inflammatory drugs work on?

Answer 11

inhibit Phospholipase A2 (enzyme)

Question 12

What is the full name for “steroids” or “corticosteroids”?

Answer 12

adrenocorticosteroids

Question 13

What are the 2 subgroups of corticosteroids? What do they do?

Answer 13

mineralocorticoids

(regulate water & electrolyte balance, NO anti-inflammatory effects)

glucocorticoids

(anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting Phospholipase A2)

Question 14

What is the body’s natural mineralocorticoid?

Answer 14

aldosterone

Question 15

What is the body’s natural glucocorticoid?

Answer 15

cortisol

Question 16

What gland/complex releases cortisol in the body?

Answer 16

adrenal complex

Question 17

What is the only mineralocorticoid drug used in Vet Med? What does it treat?

Answer 17

desoxycorticosterone

(treats Addison’s disease, aka hypoadrenocorticism)

Question 18

What is the mechanism for desoxycorticosterone’s effect?

(Similar to the mechanism of aldosterone.)

Answer 18

increases the reabsorption of sodium from urine. reabsorption of sodium also osmotically pulls water with it, thus increasing blood volume (& workload n the heart)

Question 19

In the body’s cortisol cycle, what structure releases corticotropin-releasing factor/corticotropin-releasing hormone?

Answer 19

hypothalamus

Question 20

In the body’s cortisol cycle, what structure releases Adrenocorticotropic Hormone? (ACTH)

Answer 20

pituitary gland

Question 21

In the body’s cortisol cycle, what structure releases cortisol?

Answer 21

adrenal glands

Question 22

In the body’s cortisol cycle, what structure does Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/Corticotropin-Releasing Factor stimulate? What does it do?

Answer 22

stimulates pituitary gland

to release Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

Question 23

In the body’s cortisol cycle, what structure does Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) stimulate? What does it do?

Answer 23

stimulates the adrenal glands

to produce cortisol

Question 24

what does the suffix -tropic mean?

Answer 24

attracted to

Question 25

In the body's cortisol cycle, the presence of cortisol provides negative feedback to the ________ and the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 25

hypothalamus (decreasing release of CRF/CRH) & pituitary gland (decreasing release of ACTH)

Question 26

Do exogenous glucocorticoids encourage or reduce the body's natural cortisol production?

Answer 26

reduce (provide negative feedback into cortisol cycle)

Question 27

Glucocorticoids have 3 types, based on the duration of action. What are they?

Answer 27

short-acting (\<12 hr) intermediate-acting (12-36 hr) long-acting (48+ hours)

Question 28

Cortisol is activated by the liver into \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, its active form.

Answer 28

hydrocortisone

Question 29

What is the 1 short-acting glucocorticoid (used in human medicine, not much used in Vet Med)?

Answer 29

hydrocortisone (used topically in human medicine)

Question 30

What are the 4 intermediate-acting glucocorticoids used in Vet Med?

Answer 30

prednisone methylprednisone prednisolone triamcinolone

Question 31

Prednisone is converted by the liver in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, its active form.

Answer 31

prednisolone

Question 32

In cats, who are (better/worse) at metabolizing prednisone than dogs, the prednisone dose is (higher/lower/the same as) the prednisolone dose.

Answer 32

worse at metabolizing --\> higher dose of prednisone