Fighting Disease Flashcards
When was the anti vaccination league founded?
1853
When was the compulsory vaccination age extended to 14?
1867
When was the anticompulsory vaccination league founded?
1867
When and and by what was faith in vaccination challenged?
1870, a smallpox outbreak
Why did people object to compulsory vaccination?
Individual freedom
Resistance to interference
Medical opinion to alternatives
Sanctity of home and family
What percentage of babies were vaccinated in 1890 in their first year?
3
What did the percentage change to and from, from 1875 to 1889
From 96 to 78
What was Pasteur first driven by?
Needs of brewing industry
How did Pasteur show that germs were real?
He used a normal flask, containing sugar beet, which went sour due to germs, then a flask with a curved neck, which didn’t go sour
When did Pasteur study a silkworm disease?
1865
What was the silkworm disease that Pasteur studied called?
Pébrine
How did Koch make microbes visible?
He dyed them
What did Koch primarily do?
Identified the germs that caused certain diseases
How did Koch and Pasteur benefit each other?
They both wanted to make more discoveries than the other
What disease did Pasteur investigate?
Chicken cholera
How did the chickens gain an immunity to chicken cholera?
They were given a weaker culture, weakened by air to the chicken, then a pure one
Who challenged Pasteur and vaccination, and what were the results?
A journalist challenged Pasteur to publicly demonstrate vaccination on sheep, by vaccinating some, then infecting all. The vaccinated ones survived
Who did Pasteur copy ideas off, during the development of a vaccination for rabies?
Emile roux
How did Pasteur find a weakened strain of rabies?
He used the 15 day old spines of rabbits that died from rabies
How did Pasteur first test his rabies vaccination on humans?
A boy, bitten by a rabid dog, came to him, who was given an untested vaccine, which worked
Who tested a vaccine for TB?
Koch
What happened with the vaccination of TB?
Thousands of sufferers flocked to Berlin, but it didn’t work and Koch was blamed
What is a ‘magic bullet’
An antibody
Who was Gerhard Domagk?
He developed a drug, effective against blood poisoning
What was the first antibiotic?
Penicillin
Who first discovered penicillin, but didn’t pursue it?
Joseph Lister
How did Fleming notice penicillin?
He was growing germs on agar, and in one dish that was left for a week, mould formed, and no germs formed around the mould
Who first made pure penicillin?
Florey and chain
What were the problems with production of penicillin?
Florey’s team didn’t have the resources or money to develop it
When and who mass produced penicillin?
USA, December 1941
What was thalidomide?
A drug meant to relieve morning sickness, but actually caused limb mutations in the children in the womb
How many people does TB kill each year?
3 million
What did Elizabeth Fry do for nurses?
She founded Britain’s first nursing school, the institute of nursing sisters
What hospital did Florence Nightingale work in?
Barrack hospital, in Scutari
Why did Florence nightingale go to the barrack hospital?
It was in appalling conditions, and the secretary of war asked her to ‘superintend the whole thing’
What was the death rate in Barrack hospital in 1854?
42%
When did Nightingale go to Scutari?
1854
What was the death rate in Barracks hospital in early 1856?
2%
What 2 nicknames was nightingale known as?
The lady with the lamp
An angel of mercy
What war was Nightingale working in Barracks?
Crimean war
How did Mary Seacole first treat patients?
In her mothers boarding house for invalid soldiers
What job did Mary Seacole apply for?
To go to crimea and be a nurse
Why was Seacole rejected from going to Crimea?
She was a victim of Victorian racism
Where did Seacole come from?
Jamaica
What happened when Seacole was rejected by the war office?
She made her own way to Crimea, then set up a medical store and hostel, near Balaclava, so soldiers could obtain medicine
Did Seacole work with Nightingale?
No, but they met on several occasions?
What happened to Seacole when she returned to England?
She went bankrupt
What was organised for the benefit of Seacole when she returned?
A 4 day music festival
How much did the musical festival for Seacole raise?
£233
What was opened for Nightingale, to enable her to develop nursing training?
A public fund
How much did the public fund raise for Nightingale?
£44,000
What did Nightingale use the money from the public fund for?
She started the nightingale school of nursing
In 1900,how many trained nurses were there in Britain?
64,000
What anaesthetic did Humphry Davy discover in 1799?
Laughing gas(nitrous oxide)
What anaesthetic did Crawford Long discover in 1842?
Ether
What was the problem with ether?
It’s highly flammable
How was ether first demonstrated? When?
John Warren removed a Timor painlessly from the neck of a patient
What happened when Joseph Lister amputated the leg of William Churchill, using anaesthetic?
It was over in 26 seconds, and Churchill asked when he was going to begin the operation, after his leg was amputated. He didn’t realise
Who discovered chloroform and when?
James Simpson, 1847
Why did people reject anaesthetics?
Army officers regarded them as ‘soft’
People thought god intended women to feel pain in childbirth
There had been a few fatal accidents
Famously, who was anaesthetised during childbirth, and when?
Queen Victoria, 1853
When was the first blood transfusion from animal to man?
1667
Who carried out the first human blood transfusion and when?
James Blundell, 1818
What happened after Pasteur published his germ theory, to surgery?
It improved, as doctors began to sterilise equipment and use anaesthetics
Where and when was the first blood bank set up?
1936, Barcelona
What was the downside of effective, safe anaesthetics?
Surgeons got too over confident and attempted far fetched survey
What did Ignaz Semmelweiss suggest in 1847?
That doctors may be spreading disease themselves
What did Semmelweiss order doctors to do, to reduce spread of infection?
To wash their hands in a solution of lime chloride before examining patients
What did Lister use to disinfect surgical instruments, the air, and surgeons hands
Carbolic acid
